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By Carter Vaughn Findley
During this sequel to his hugely acclaimed Bureaucratic Reform within the Ottoman Empire, Carter Findley shifts concentration from the organizational facets of administrative reform and improvement to the officers themselves. A research in social historical past and its cultural and fiscal ramifications, Findley's new publication seriously reassesses Ottoman accomplishments and screw ups in turning an archaic scribal corps into an efficient civil service.
Combining scrutiny of well-documented people with analyses of huge teams of officers, Findley considers how a lot the advance of civil officialdom benefited Ottoman efforts to revitalize the nation and guard its pursuits in an more and more aggressive global. Did reformers' projects in elite formation considerably increase the social bases of officialdom and its capability to symbolize Ottoman society? Did potential officers benefit from academic reform with the intention to in achieving larger degrees of qualification over the generations? How did cultural tensions of the reform period impact civil officers? To what quantity did impersonal method and new rules of professionalism supplant patronage and outdated scribal position ideas? How good did the kingdom reach lucrative reliable carrier and conserving its officers opposed to transferring fiscal stipulations? The solutions to such questions light up significant problems with social integration and cultural swap and make clear hyperlinks among monetary stipulations and altering varieties of political activism.
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1 8 I One: Introduction America (the "exotics" being relegated to orientalism and the "primitives" to anthropology), to history as the story of all peoples. Simultaneously, historians have begun to look increasingly beyond "events" to-first-the material forces and structures that underlie them and-more recently to the ways people of other places and times understood and interpreted their world and the "events" that occurred in their midst. As these shifts have occurred, historical writing has become less and less a matter of the chronologically structured causal narrative beloved of traditional histori ans, and more a matter of defining and understanding the relations be tween a specific phenomenon and the context in which it occurs and is perceived.
The lower estimate of 1 ,000 to 1 , 500 in Findley, Bureaucratic Reform, 56, 1 0 1 , 1 06-1 1 , 363 n. 4 1 . The lower estimate was based on the total of 869 scribes (kdtib) in the tabular section of TPK, D3208, and overlooked the reference, in the text below the table, to the larger total for the central departments when the apprentices and supervisors were taken into account. Actually, the wording is sloppy and could be interpreted literally to mean that there were 1 ,500 apprentices and supervisors in addition to the 869 regular clerks; but that seems an improbable ratio.
Many·records ·break off two. appofrifrrierits:. one-·or.. was a pattern of obtaining one or two appointments but not making a career in government service. Assuming that this pattern prevailed else where as much as at the Foreign Ministry, we should halve the estimate of the top number "in service" at one time to approximate the total num ber of career civil officials under Abd iil-Hamid at about greatly reduced 35,000, a number in the purges that followed the 1 908 revolution. midian period.