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By Ron C. Michaelis
A Litigator's consultant to DNA educates litigators, judges, criminalists, scholars, and others approximately all facets of using DNA facts in legal and civil trials. It comprises discussions of the molecular organic foundation for the assessments, crucial laboratory practices, chance thought and mathematical calculations. It provides matters proper to all events all for making an attempt a case, from the prosecution and the protection, and to the pass judgement on and jury. The booklet is additionally tremendous precious as a textual content for college kids intending to careers in forensic technological know-how and legal law.
The authors offer an entire heritage on either the molecular biology and the mathematical thought in the back of forensic assessments written particularly for individuals with very little technology historical past. No different e-book relates the foundational info on molecular biology and information to felony perform concerns as widely as this booklet does.
* "Recapping the most aspect" bins offer an easy and concise precis of the most points
* contains a thesaurus of crucial phrases and their definitions
* incorporates a full-color insert with illustrations that emphasize key innovations
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Example text
R indicates the presence of a purine—either an A or a G—in that position. identification, along with a marker from the amelogenin gene for gender identification. The amelogenin gene produces a protein that is part of the enamel of one’s teeth. There is a copy of the amelogenin gene on both the X and Y chromosomes. In one region of the gene, the Y chromosome’s copy contains 6 bp more than the X chromosome’s copy. This 6-bp difference can be used to determine the sex of the individual(s) from whom a piece of evidence was obtained, and can be particularly useful in rape cases, when evidence samples often contain a mixture of male and female material.
35 36 C H A P T ER 2 : The Molecular Biological Basis of Forensic DNA Tests two strands of DNA, with the bases projecting inward toward the center of the helix and hydrogen bonds between the bases holding the double helix together. To begin the PCR, the double helix is denatured, or opened like a zipper, where the exposed teeth of the zipper represent the bases that are projecting inward from the two sugar-phosphate backbones. Instead of a double-stranded molecule of DNA, you now have two single-stranded molecules of DNA, each of which can be used as a template against which a new DNA strand can be built.
The PCR has greatly expanded the power of the forensic scientist because it has enabled forensic analyses to be conducted on small, old and environmentally exposed evidence samples that could not have been analyzed by the VNTR tests or the older tests that examined blood proteins. Two problems seen with many forensic samples is that they contain very small amounts of biological material, and/or the DNA in them has been degraded by time, chemical exposure or the elements. The PCR provides a tremendous advantage in a case involving a minute sample.