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By Michael D Rawlins
This e-book is meant to assist decision-makers use, determine and appraise the proof that underpins judgements concerning the use of healing interventions. it is going to tell decision-makers in regards to the nature of proof, the strengths and weaknesses of the to be had techniques, and the way those should be such a lot successfully distilled for the aim of achieving trustworthy conclusions. It goals to inspire decision-makers to base Read more...
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The report, however, also described the relative In cases of doubt, wise decision-makers will seek expert advice before basing far-reaching conclusions on the results of (what may appear to be) impenetrable statistical modelling. References 1. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383–9. 2. Kirkwood BR, Stone JAC. Medical Statistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008. 7). A superficial reading of this might have suggested that rofecoxib reduced the risk of myocardial infarction. In fact, this relative risk was inverted and reflected the risk of myocardial infarction with naproxen compared with rofecoxib. 6). 5 BIAS AND CONFOUNDING Research into the effects of therapeutic interventions is bedevilled by the dual problems of bias and confounding. Bias refers to any systematic error in the design, conduct, analysis, publication or review of a study leading to conclusions that are systematically different from the truth.
Vaccine efficacy Efficacy of a treatment or intervention can be measured by the proportion of cases it prevents and can be estimated thus: Efficacy = 1 – relative risk It is usually expressed as a percentage (with its associated 95 per cent confidence intervals). 2 Full protection from a vaccine would provide 100 per cent efficacy. 2. Background Although the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing mortality and morbidity in children and elderly people is well-documented, there is no clear evidence for its effectiveness in healthcare professionals.