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By Mary Whiton Calkins
Анализируя историю новоевропейской философии (начиная с Декарта и заканчивая системами конца XIX в.), американский философ и историк философии Мэри Калкинс показывает, каковы основные типы философского мышления и особенности взаимодействия между ними. С ее точки зрения, основные типы философии – это монизм и плюрализм, и все существующие философские системы можно расположить между этими двумя полюсами.
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Extra resources for The persistent problems of philosophy
Sample text
Descartes s philosophical system is spirit, both from the qualitative evidently, therefore, pluralistic and from the numerical standpoint. It is qualitatively plu spirits, perfect more ralistic or, specifically, dualistic, in that it teaches that there are precisely two kinds of reality, spiritual and material. , number be made in to estimate is The of specific individuals, or things. this chapter, first, to outline this system it. Criticism will be postponed till the hope that a sympathetic under- fully stated, in the criterion is Method," embodied paragraphs 8-10, method and are in his first precept of method.
If, for example, and means. one is studying Kant or Hegel, one has virtually to learn a new makes no difference how much German one knows, Kant and Hegel do not always speak in German, and Kant does not even always use the same language for two It language. This bare text criticism, indispensable however a mere preliminary to the real expository consecutive sections. as it is, is process, the re-thinking of a philosopher s argument, the sym This means, of course, pathetic apprehension of his thought.
S own mode it of probation I adopt, it always re is only the things I clearly and distinctly conceive which have the power of completely persuading me. And with respect to God ... I know nothing sooner . . than the existence of a Supreme Being, or of God. although the right conception of this truth has cost me close thinking, ... I feel as assured of it as of what I . . " The second of Descartes s ontological arguments is many times restated in his works, but it is not original with him.