Plato's Animals: Gadflies, Horses, Swans, and Other by Jeremy Bell, Michael Naas

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By Jeremy Bell, Michael Naas

Plato's Animals examines the an important function performed by way of animal photos, metaphors, allusions, and analogies in Plato's Dialogues. those fourteen vigorous essays display that the gadflies, snakes, stingrays, swans, canine, horses, and different animals that populate Plato's paintings will not be simply rhetorical elaborations. Animals are important to Plato's realizing of the hierarchy among animals, people, and gods and are the most important to his rules approximately schooling, sexuality, politics, aesthetics, the afterlife, the character of the soul, and philosophy itself. the amount features a accomplished annotated index to Plato’s bestiary in either Greek and English.

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34. See Gibbs 350 (50), 351 (107), 352 (463) for fables that tell of animals being changed into other species but being “found out” because their characters gave them away. 35. Gibbs 303 (399). 36. Gibbs 284 (233). 37. Gibbs 509 (163). 38. Frogs are characterized as so cowardly that they give comfort to a band of hares ready to drown themselves in the frogs’ pond (238 [138]); a frog comes out of its swamp and surprises a lion because it is so small when its sound is so loud (270 [141]); one frog’s pond is too close to the road and he gets crushed by a wagon wheel (490 [69]); frogs are afraid of the sun since it can dry up their swamp (436 [314]); when the frogs’ swamp dried up, they had to find a well (445 [43]); frogs are fearful when bulls battle near their pond since it will affect them (12 [485]).

See, for example, Gibbs 71 (235), 72 (395), and 73 (296). 24. Gibbs 309 (392), 310 (7), 311 (547), and 313 (187). See Republic 405a–408e. 26. See, for example, Protagoras 311b–314b. 27. Gibbs 188 (14), 189 (20), 190 (584), and Plato’s Theaetetus 174e. 28. Gibbs 268 (195). 29. Gibbs 270 (141), 271 (397). 30. Gibbs 275 (207). 31. For fables about boasting, see Gibbs 206 (315), 207, and 208 (different versions of 368), 209 (33), 210 (541), 211 (349), 212 (332), 213 (377), 214 (244), 215 (300). Fables about the dangers of vanity and self-delusion include 216 (484), 217 (151), 218 (292), 219 (531), 220 (62), 228 (132), 229 (49), 232 (407).

I think the god fastened me upon the city in some American Gadfly | 45 such capacity, and I go about arousing, and urging and reproaching each one of you, constantly alighting upon you everywhere the whole day long. Such another is not likely to come to you, gentlemen; but if you take my advice, you will spare me. (Apology 30e) Socrates thus compares himself, by means of an image that he himself admits to being rather absurd or laughable, to a “gadfly,” that is, a sort of horsefly, sent by Apollo to arouse or provoke the sluggish horse that would be Athens.

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