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Additional info for Molecular Spectroscopy of Oxide Catalyst Surfaces
Sample text
Whether linear (one surface atom) or bridging adsorption occurs. Unlike in the case of metals, where different surfaces can be chosen by cutting the crystal SYSTEMS INVESTIGATED 29 appropriately, unfortunately there is a lack of spectroscopic data from adsorption on defined single crystal surfaces of oxides although the literature does contain high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) vibrational data only for several oxides (ZnO, MgO, TiO2 [34a, 485 and references therein]). However, the single crystal approach, where feasible, significantly simplifies the interpretation of the spectra obtained from polycrystalline powders (see Chapter 3).
In forms which are not detectable by diffraction methods. In this case, Raman and infrared (vibrational) spectroscopy can be helpful in identifying crystalline and noncrystalline phases. The bulk of the reported oxide spectra, which can be useful in their identification, can be found in a number of specific sources [102–105]. In this present book, we do not have the possibility of examining the applications of molecular spectroscopic methods in the investigation of the structure of oxides in great detail.
2 PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY If radiation is absorbed by a sample in a closed cell, it is converted into heat and the temperature of the sample increases. This is so-called photothermic effect. If the sample is irradiated with a modulated IR beam, the photothermic effect in turn periodically heats a gas in contact with the sample in the boundary layer, 2π/ag , where 1/ag is the thermal diffusion length of the gas. The energy is hence transferred to the gas phase as modulated pressure changes. The modulation of the gas pressure can be detected by a microphone and amplifier.