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Van de GraafP developed a high-voltage generator using the method of mechanically delivering charge to a conducting dome by means of a charged belt. 16 While at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, he read the 1927 anniversary address of Rutherford to the Royal Society concerning the need for accelerated ions "to have available . . a copious supply of atoms and electrons . . " The first model of the Van de Graaff generator developed in 1929 reached a voltage of 80 kV. C. The DTM I-MV Van de Graaff accelerator (see Fig.
ENERGY LOSS OF HIGH-VELOCITY IONS IN MATTER silicon, simply changing the coordinates to e/ZI2 for the normalized (or scaled) stopping cross section and to E / M 1 for the velocity parameter. For protons as projectiles, Z1 = M , = 1; the curve is the same in Fig. 2 as in Fig. 1. One might object to the use of E / M , at relativistic velocities, but that is a minor detail. By presenting Fig. 2 with the normalized parameters, we can see several trends in the stopping cross section as a function of the projectile.
124, 128 (1961). In J . Lindhard, Mat. Fys. M c v l l . D u n . Vid. ScJlsk. 34, No. 4 (1965). 0. B. Firsov, Z h . E k s p . Tcor. Fiz. 32, 1464 [Engl. , Sov. P h y s - J E T P (1957)l 0. B. Firsov, Z h . Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 33, 696 [Engl. , Sot,. -JETP (1958)l. 0. B. Firsov, Z h . Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36, 1517 [Engl. , Sov. --JETf (1959)l. I n J . Lindhard. M . Scharff, and H . E. Schistt, Mur. Fys. Mrdd. D u n . Vid. Selsk. 14 (1963). 5, 1192 6, 534 9, 1076 33, No. 2. 29 GENERAL CONCEPTS O F ENERGY LOSS Relativistic effect Perturbation treatment Bethe (Born approximation) Bloch (impact parameter) Cindhard (dielectric method) I I I I I lo-* I 10-1 1 Proton energy (MeV) effect 1 I I lo2 lo3 lo4 FIG.