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Example text
In freezing-point and the rise in boiling-point of solutions of salts have been made ; and it has been already explained that these quantities are proportional to the osmotic pressure It has been experimentally of the dissolved substances. all such cases the fall in freezing-point, or the rise in boiling-point is too great for the supposed It must be concluded that molecular weight of the salt. discovered that in the osmotic pressure would also be increased, were it possible But the fall in freezing-point or the rise in to measure it.
Sodium replaces I gram of hydrogen in water or in hydrogen chloride, to form hydroxide or chloride of sodium ; and as 23 is known to be the atomic weight of sodium from determinations of its specific heat, the atomic weight of sodium is expressed by the same number as its equivaIt is therefore a monad. The element oxygen is a lent. dyad or divalent, because, in water, two grams of hydrogen are combined with 1 6 grams of oxygen ; its equivalent is But oxygen is 16 times as heavy as hydrotherefore 8.
Fluorine, which displaces oxygen from water ; CLASSIFICATION 49 chlorine in sunlight, which acts slowly in the same way ; chlorine displaces bromine, and bromine, iodine. 8. Carbon, which is the most generally employed agent for replacing other elements ; it combines with oxy- gen, forming carbonic oxide or carbonic anhydride gases, and liberating the element with which the oxygen was combined. The question of cost or of convenience often decides as In the sequel, only to which of these methods is used.