
By J. H. Heinbockel
Advent to Tensor Calculus and Continuum Mechanics is a complicated collage point arithmetic textual content. the 1st a part of the textual content introduces easy ideas, notations and operations linked to the topic region of tensor calculus. the cloth current
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40) and i A (x) = ∂xi j A (x). 43) Here we have used the notation Aj (x) to emphasize the dependence of the components Aj upon the x coordinates. 43) we find i A (x) = i ∂x ∂xj m A (x). 45) and hence this transformation is also contravariant. We express this by saying that the above are transitive with respect to the group of coordinate transformations. Note that from the chain rule one can write ∂xm ∂x1 ∂xm ∂x2 ∂xm ∂x3 ∂xm ∂xm ∂xj m = + + 1 ∂xn 2 ∂xn 3 ∂xn = ∂xn = δn . j ∂xn ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x Do not make the mistake of writing ∂xm ∂xm ∂x2 2 ∂xn = ∂xn ∂x ∂xm ∂x3 ∂xm 3 ∂xn = ∂xn ∂x or as these expressions are incorrect.
The quantities Ei Ej are called unit dyads and Ei Ej Ek are called unit triads. There is no multiplication sign between the basis vectors. This notation is called a polyad notation. A further generalization of this notation is the representation of an arbitrary tensor using the basis and reciprocal basis vectors in bold type. k Ei Ej . . Ek El Em . . En . n A dyadic is formed by the outer or direct product of two vectors. For example, the outer product of the vectors a = a 1 E 1 + a2 E 2 + a3 E 3 and b = b1 E1 + b2 E2 + b3 E3 50 gives the dyad ab =a1 b1 E1 E1 + a1 b2 E1 E2 + a1 b3 E1 E3 a2 b 1 E 2 E 1 + a2 b 2 E 2 E 2 + a2 b 3 E 2 E 3 a3 b 1 E 3 E 1 + a3 b 2 E 3 E 2 + a3 b 3 E 3 E 3 .
This basis is a set of tangent vectors to the coordinate curves. It is now demonstrated that the normal basis (E 1 , E 2 , E 3 ) and the tangential basis (E1 , E2 , E3 ) are a set of reciprocal bases. Recall that r = x e1 + y e2 + z e3 denotes the position vector of a variable point. 8) there results r = r(u, v, w) = x(u, v, w) e1 + y(u, v, w) e2 + z(u, v, w) e3 . 2-1. Coordinate curves and coordinate surfaces. 16) e1 + e2 + e3 = ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂r e1 + e2 + e3 . = ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w In terms of the u, v, w coordinates, this change can be thought of as moving along the diagonal of a paral∂r ∂r ∂r du, dv, and dw.