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By Subramanian Tamil Selvan, Karthikeyan Narayanan
This e-book bargains readers an creation to the present prestige of nanoparticles and different nanomaterials that experience power purposes in theranostics. notably, it highlights the diagnostic and healing purposes of metal (e.g. Au, Ag), semiconducting quantum dots (e.g. CdSe, CdTe), magnetic (e.g. Fe3O4, FePt, Co), and multifunctional (combination of 2 or 3) nanoparticles.
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For example, the commonly used organic capping used in biomedical applications involved biotin-avidin molecules. , have reviewed the most commonly used modifications of QDs for imaging and sensing applications (Fig. 2) (Smith et al. 2008). Plasma has also been used to synthesise QDs in a gas-phase approach. The QDs produced by plasma are powder in nature and additional modifications can be carried out to modify them to hydrophilic or hydrophobic (Mangolini and Kortshagen 2007). For example silica and germanium QDs were synthesised using plasma (Kortshagen 2009; Pi and Kortshagen 2009).
To overcome this, active delivery of QDs were attempted using specific ligands for cell surface receptors. The ligands can be anything from peptides to small molecules that has high affinity for specific cell surface receptor. Labeling cellular organelles have been attempted with QDs. , have used specific peptide conjugated QDs and microinjected them into fibroblasts to target mitochondria or nucleus (Derfus et al. 2004). The key factor the success of this system is the endosomal escape. Endocytosis is a pathway in the biological system meant for degradation of bio-waste macromolecules.
QDs were used successfully to image vascular network and lymphatic system in animal models. Smith et al. have used QDs with near infrared wavelength to image blood vessel network in developing chicken embryos (Fig. 4) (Smith et al. 2007). Monitoring and tracking the cells injected into the animals could shed light on the behaviour of these cells in vivo and helps to perform real-time imaging. Intravenous injection of cells labelled with QDs was studied for their distributions. For example Rosen et al.