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By Gil Michard Claude-Jean Allegre
TO GEOCHEMISTRY via CLAUDE-JEAN ALLEGRE division of Earth Sciences, college of Paris 7 and GIL MICHARD division of Chemistry, college of Paris 7 D, REIDEL PUBLISHING corporation DORDRECHT-HOLLAND / BOSTON-U. S. A. advent A los angeles GEOCHIMIE First released via Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1973 Translated/rom the French by means of Robert N. Varney Library of Congress Catalog Card quantity 74-83871 e-ISBN -13: 978-94 -010-2261-3 ISBN -13: 978-90-277-0498-6 DOl: 10. 1007/978-94-010-2261-3 released through D. Reidel Publishing corporation, P. O. field 17, Dordrecht, Holland offered and disbursed within the U. S. A. , Canada, and Mexico by means of D. Reidel Publishing corporation, Inc. 306 Dartmouth highway, Boston, Mass. 02116, U. S. A. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1974 by way of D. Reidel Publishing corporation, Dordrecht, Holland No a part of this booklet will be reproduced in any shape, through print, photoprint, microfilm, or the other ability, with out written permission from the writer desk OF CONTENTS PREFACE IX PREFACE via THE TRANSLATOR XI bankruptcy 1 / THE EARTH AS A CHEMICAL process 1 1. 1. The Earth in the sunlight procedure 1 1. 2. the dimensions of Time 1 1. three. the general Chemical Composition of the Earth, the sunlight approach, and the Universe 2 1. four. chemical substances within the sunlight process: Cosmological Minerals five 1. four. 1. uncomplicated Molecules 6 1. four. 2. uncomplicated Solids 6 1. four. three. Silicates 6 1. four. four. Carbon Polymers 6 1. four. five. Fe-Ni Alloys 6 1. 5.
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This author concluded that a rock having a granitic composition (granite, gneiss, or sedimentary rock of greywacke type) undergoing limited partial fusion leads to a granitic magmatic melt (anatexis). The experiments of both research groups were done with excess water present. The temperature of fusion and crystallization is therefore in the range of 650 to 750°C; if the water is absent fusion does not set in below the 900 to 1000 °C temperature range. 7. Comparison of Experiments with Field Observations Granites are found at the Earth's surface principally in two forms: - A massive form with sharp contacts against the surrounding sedimentary material (type 1); - A complex form with diffuse boundaries changing gradually into high grade metamorphic assemblages (type 2).
2. THE GENESIS OF GRANITE. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. STUDY OF PHASE DIAGRAMS We begin with a rapid scan of the systems albite-anorthite, albite-orthoclase, quartzorthoclase, and quartz-orthoclase-albite. 1. The Albite-Anorthite System The plagioclases form a continuous solid solution extending from pure albite, Si 3 AIO s Na at one extreme to pure anorthite, Si 2 Al 2 0 s Ca at the other. The thermodynamic diagram of this system includes three domains separated by two boundaries (Figure 2-6a): (1) a single-phase domain of magma toward high temperatures.
By aggradation reactions. The last process brings a solid phase into play, and at least in water reservoirs of great size, the speed of response to changes in pH is very sluggish, actually tied to the period of the water cycle (see Chapter 5). 3. 1. Chief Redox Pairs in Natural Waters Among the major ions in natural waters, Ca 2+ , Mg2+ , K +, and Na + are ions of metals that are too highly reduced to exist in water. CI- is the ion of a substance that is too strong an oxidant. All of these ions are accordingly inactive in water.