Immunotoxicology and Risk Assessment by Dennis K. Flaherty

Posted by

By Dennis K. Flaherty

This authored publication provides uncomplicated immunological tenets and mechanisms on the mobile and molecular point whereas making use of the toxicology specialise in probability id, acceptable assays, dose reaction, and possibility assesment by means of mathematical types and protection elements. will probably be an invaluable connection with toxicologists since it will contain new instructions that the EPA is bringing out later this 12 months for all chemical substances regulated lower than the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the poisonous elements regulate Act. Regulatory sections in each one bankruptcy specialise in information from either the united states foodstuff and Drug management, in addition to facts acceptable to western eu countries.

Show description

Read or Download Immunotoxicology and Risk Assessment PDF

Similar toxicology books

Novel Psychoactive Substances: Classification, Pharmacology and Toxicology

Novel Psychoactive components: type, Pharmacology and Toxicology offers readers with heritage at the category, detection, provide and availability of novel psychoactive components, differently referred to as "legal highs. " This booklet additionally covers person periods of novel psychoactive components that experience lately emerged onto the leisure drug scene and offers an summary of the pharmacology of the substance via a dialogue of the intense and protracted damage or toxicity linked to the substance.

Lu's basic toxicology

This vintage textbook now enters its forth version, providing a distillation of many years of analysis and instructing event in toxicology. identified around the world after its translation into six languages, Lu's easy Toxicology: basics, aim Organs, and probability overview is a benchmark textual content that brings readability and perception right into a quickly evolving topic.

The ortho Side of PCBs: Occurrence and Disposition

PCBs have captured the eye of scientists, newshounds and the general public for 3 a long time, yet in the course of such a lot of that point consciousness was once all for a small variety of the 209 attainable chlorobiphenyls. contemporary paintings has implicated a few of the forgotten and/or unstudied congeners as neuro-endocrine lively and capability developmental toxicants.

Principles of Genetic Toxicology

The sphere of genetic toxicology is a comparatively new one that grew out of the stories of chemical mutagenesis and smooth toxicology. seeing that systematic practices to notice chemical mutagenesis are just a bit over thirty years outdated, this box has advanced very quickly with an abundance of equipment for picking chemical mutagens.

Additional resources for Immunotoxicology and Risk Assessment

Example text

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¶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ells of the Immune System 37 WHQW RUJDQV DQG KLVWRSDWKRORJ\ DUH UHTXLUHG ([WHQVLYH H[DPLQDWLRQV RI WKH VSOHHQWK\PXVO\PSKQRGHV RQHQRGHFRYHULQJWKHURXWHRIDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG DQRWKHU GLVWDO QRGH FRYHULQJ V\VWHPLF HIIHFWV  3H\HU¶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±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

FKDLQV 2;   OPPXQRWR[LFRORJ\ DQG 5LVN $VVHVVPHQW FRQVLGHUV WKH WRWDO :%& FRXQW WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI WRWDO O\PSKRF\WHV DQG WKH SHUFHQWDJHRIHDFK VXEVHW 7KHIRUPXODIRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQ LVDV IROORZV $EVROXWH O\PSKRF\WHVPP  RIWRWDO O\PSKRF\WHV   RIHDFK O\PSKRF\WH VXEVHW  WRWDO :%&VPP   ,IRQHDVVXPHVWKDWWKHF\WRPHWU\VWXGLHVKDYHEHHQSHUIRUPHGXQGHURSWL PDO FRQGLWLRQV VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VHV RIWKH GDWD VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG %HFDXVH O\PSKRF\WHVXEVHWVDUHSDUWRIDQHWZRUNDQGKHQFHGRQRWIXQFWLRQDVVHSDUDWH HQWLWLHV PXOWLYDULDWH VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV LV WKHPHWKRGRIFKRLFH ,QWKHROGHUOLWHUDWXUHWKHKHOSHUVXSSUHVVRU 77 UDWLRZDVRIWHQXVHGDV DQLQGH[RILPPXQRVXSSUHVVLRQ 7KLVLVSDUWLFXODUO\WUXHLQ$,'6 SDWLHQWVZKR KDYHUDWLRVEHORZ  QRUPDOUDWLRVUDQJHEHWZHHQDQG ,WLVXQFOHDULID GHFUHDVHG 77 UDWLR LV D JHQHUDOL]HG SKHQRPHQRQ LQ LPPXQRVXSSUHVVHG SD WLHQWV,QLPPXQRVXSSUHVVHGUHQDOWUDQVSODQWSDWLHQWVWKHUHLVJUHDWYDULDWLRQLQ WKHUDWLR ZKLFKKDVQRUHODWLRQVKLSWRHSLVRGHV RIUHMHFWLRQ ,Q WKHVHSDWLHQWV D IDOOLQJ77UDWLRFRUUHODWHGRQO\ZLWKDFXWHYLUDO LQIHFWLRQV 'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH PDWUL[ LPPXQRKLVWRFKHPLVWU\ FDQ EH XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ PRQRF\WHV7DQG%FHOOVLQWKHVSOHHQO\PSKQRGHVDQGWK\PXV)UHVKIUR]HQ WLVVXH KXPDQPXULQHRUUDW FRPELQHGZLWKDQWLERG\PHGLDWHGLPPXQRSHUR[L GDVHDPSOLILHGVWDLQVKDYHEHHQXVHGH[WHQVLYHO\DQGH[FHOOHQWUHVXOWVKDYHEHHQ REWDLQHG$WWHPSWVZHUHPDGHWRLGHQWLI\PXULQHRUUDW7DQG%FHOOVLQIRUPDOLQ IL[HGSDUDIILQHPEHGGHGWLVVXH7KHDSSURDFKKDVQRWEHHQVXFFHVVIXO(SLWRSHV DUHDOWHUHGRUGHOHWHGIURPLPPXQRFRPSHWHQWFHOOVIROORZLQJIRUPDOLQWUHDWPHQW 6FKXXUPDQ HWDO   ,QWKHPRXVHPRGHOFKDQJHVLQWKHVSOHQLFO\PSKRF\WHVXEVHWVDUHDVHQVL WLYHLQGLFDWRURILPPXQRWR[LFLW\%DVHGRQWKHGDWDIURPVHSDUDWHVWXGLHVWKH FRQFRUGDQFH EHWZHHQ FKDQJHV LQ WKH QXPEHU RI LPPXQRFRPSHWHQW FHOOV DQG ELRORJLFDOO\UHOHYDQWLQYLYRHIIHFWVLV /XVWHUHWDO   %HFDXVHRIGLIIHUHQFHVLQVDPSOHVRXUFHVFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQKXPDQDQG DQLPDO GDWD DUHGLIILFXOW 0RVW DQLPDO VWXGLHV XVH VSOHQLF O\PSKRF\WHV IURP D VHFRQGDU\O\PSKRLGRUJDQLQH[YLYRDVVD\V,QKXPDQVSHULSKHUDOEORRGLVWKH RQO\ DYDLODEOH VDPSOH VRXUFH ,W LV XQFOHDU ZKHWKHU KXPDQ SHULSKHUDO EORRG UHIOHFWV HIIHFWV RQ RWKHUSDUWV RIWKH LPPXQH V\VWHP +XPDQ SHULSKHUDO EORRG FRQWDLQV RQO\  RIWKH WRWDO O\PSKRF\WH SRSXODWLRQ :HVWHUPDQQ DQG 3DEVW   7KHUH LV VRPH HYLGHQFH VXJJHVWLQJ WKDWWKH EORRG GRHV QRW PLUURUGLVWXU EDQFHV LQ WKH O\PSKRLG WLVVXH )RU H[DPSOH SDWLHQWV ZLWK +RGJNLQ¶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

Download PDF sample

Rated 4.22 of 5 – based on 31 votes