
By Stephen Houlgate
Key themes
Reading the textReception and influence
Further reading
Read Online or Download Hegel's 'Phenomenology of Spirit': A Reader's Guide PDF
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Additional info for Hegel's 'Phenomenology of Spirit': A Reader's Guide
Sample text
What emerges in the experience of consciousness counts as the truth, not because it matches what philosophy judges to be the truth, but because it is what the object necessarily proves to be in being known by consciousness. The experience described in the Phenomenology is thus not the empirical experience of historical individuals or communities. It is the experience that is made necessary logically by the object of consciousness – the experience that consciousness must make, or should make, given the way it conceives of its object.
Its concreteness is still fairly minimal, but nonetheless it constitutes an advance on the abstract universals that arise earlier in the experience of sense-certainty. This new, complex universal also differs from the earlier two abstract ones by leaving sense-certainty (logically, at least) with nowhere to go and nothing to cling on to. After this, here, now proved in its first experience to be an abstract universal, sensecertainty took refuge in ‘what I mean by this’; and after the I proved to be abstractly universal in its second experience, sense-certainty took refuge in ‘what I mean by this to the exclusion of everything else’.
Hegel notes, however, that ‘in this relationship sense-certainty experiences the same dialectic acting upon itself as in the previous one’ (§101/73). The problem, put simply, is this: if all I am aware of is ‘what I mean by this’, I do not actually have anything specific in mind, for another I is equally conscious of ‘what I mean by this’. ‘What I mean by this’ is thus just as vague and indeterminate as ‘this, here, now’: it remains, beyond me, what other Is are certain of, and indeed what I myself am certain of at other times and in other places (and so when I am myself another I than the one I am now).