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By W. William Hughes
This introductory textual content addresses the foundations and mechanisms of toxicology as utilized to environmentally-encountered poisonous brokers. every one bankruptcy concludes with evaluate questions that could be used for scholar self-testing and themes lined comprise dose reaction, dangers and hazard evaluate, decision of toxicity, insecticides, metals, plastics, natural solvents, environmental cancer causing agents, teratogens and mutagens.
summary: This introductory textual content addresses the foundations and mechanisms of toxicology as utilized to environmentally-encountered poisonous brokers. each one bankruptcy concludes with overview questions that could be used for pupil self-testing and themes coated contain dose reaction, risks and possibility evaluation, selection of toxicity, insecticides, metals, plastics, natural solvents, environmental cancer causing agents, teratogens and mutagens
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For in vivo studies the dose is expressed as the weight in milligrams (mg) of the substance being tested per kilogram (kg) of body weight of the experimental organism. This is written as mg/kg. Although a statement of absolute amounts of the substance being tested may appear to be a better way of quantifying the dose, it is not, since toxicity is related to the size of the organism. For example, 100 mg in a 250-g rat is very different from 100 mg in a 5,000-g monkey (Table 2–3). For in vitro toxicity testing, the weight in milligrams (mg) of the substance being tested per milliliter (mL) of medium containing the cells expresses the dose, written as mg/mL.
B. C. D. E. 10 mg 10 mg/animal 10 mg/kg 10 mL 10 mg/mL 6. Which represents a logarithmic dose sequence? A. B. C. D. E. 5 mg/kg 7. _____________ examines the mechanism by which a toxicant has its unique cellular effect within the organism. 8. Toxicity is determined when, on the administration of a substance, an observable and well-defined _____________ is identified. 9. Why is the correct selection of a test organism critical to a toxicity test? 10. , age, gender, disease states) affecting toxicity and toxicity testing.
Percutaneous Route The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body. Although the skin is the most obvious organ of the integumentary system, this system also includes hair, fingernails and toenails, and mammary glands. Skin plays an important role to (1) provide a barrier against the entrance of toxicants, (2) protect against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, (3) prevent the entrance of microorganisms, (4) assist in the biotransformation or metabolic detoxification of toxicants, (5) eliminate toxicants or their metabolites via sweat or other glandular secretions, (6) regulate body temperature, and (7) house sensory receptors for temperature, pressure, and pain.