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By National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Committee on Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics
This booklet identifies possibilities, priorities, and demanding situations for the sphere of condensed-matter and fabrics physics. It highlights intriguing fresh medical and technological advancements and their societal influence and identifies remarkable questions for destiny learn. subject matters variety from the technological know-how of contemporary know-how to new fabrics and buildings, novel quantum phenomena, nonequilibrium physics, tender condensed subject, and new experimental and computational tools.
The publication additionally addresses structural demanding situations for the sphere, together with nurturing its highbrow energy, preserving a fit mix of huge and small examine amenities, bettering the field's integration with different disciplines, and constructing new methods for scientists in academia, executive laboratories, and to interact. will probably be of curiosity to scientists, educators, scholars, and policymakers.
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In this regime, very gentle, low-energy effects such as superconductivity and superfluidity begin to emerge; but these effects are washed out by the chaotic thermal motion of the atoms and electrons at higher temperatures. An experimental tour de force of the last decade was the discovery of collective nuclear spin order at nanokelvin temperatures in elemental copper. The rapidly growing capability of computers for experimental control, visualization, and numerical simulation is having a significant impact on condensedmatter and materials physics.
We can be sure that improved brightness, spectroscopy, and resolution in electron microscopes will allow more precise determination of structure and composition in ultra-small volumes of materials, even when these are embedded below the surface. This will have a continuing major impact on the microstructural study of all materials, for example, identifying interfacial structures, solving important problems of support effects on small clusters, and understanding the structural basis of adhesion and fracture in materials.
At the same time, the theory of nonequilibrium phenomena contains some of the most challenging and fundamental problems in physics. A central theme in this field is that the physics of ordinary materials and processes is a rich source of inspiration for basic research. Because nonequilibrium physics touches on such a wide range of different areas of science and technology, it is an important channel through which physics makes contact with other disciplines. For example, its concepts help explain 16 CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS galaxy formation, climate change, and—perhaps most important—some of the physical mechanisms that underlie biological phenomena.