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By Martin Bernal
Winner of the yankee ebook Award, 1990.
This quantity is the second one in a projected four-part sequence excited by the contest among old versions for the origins of Greek civilization. The version present this present day is the Aryan version, in accordance with which Greek tradition arose because the results of the conquest from the north by way of Indo-European audio system or "Aryans" of the local "pre-Hellenes." the traditional version, which was once the version maintained in Classical Greece, held that the local inhabitants of Greece had at the beginning been civilized by means of Egyptian and Phoenician colonists and that extra close to jap tradition have been brought to Greece by way of Greeks learning in Egypt and Southwest Asia. In those and later volumes, Martin Bernal proposes a Revised old version. in accordance with this, the Indo-European facets of Greek language and tradition can be well-known as basic and the substantial non-Indo-European parts will be noticeable principally as Egyptian and Levantine additions to this basis.
Volume II is worried with the archaeological and documentary proof for contacts among Egypt and the Levant at the one hand and the Aegean at the different, in the course of the Bronze Age from c. 3400 B.C. to c. 1100 B.C. those methods are supplemented by means of details from later Greek myths, legends, spiritual cults, and language. the writer concludes that touch among the 2 areas used to be way more vast and influential than is mostly believed. within the creation to this quantity, Bernal additionally responds to a few reports and criticisms of quantity I of Black Athena.
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Additional info for Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization : Vol. II - The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence
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172. ¹²⁵ Iung, Franciscain, 146. ¹²⁶ P. A. Linehan, History and the Historians of Medieval Spain (Oxford, 1993), 605. 28 Introduction catalogued in the fifth part of the book. The first target of this part is Marsilius,¹²⁷ confirming the seriousness of the threat which he was deemed to pose; but Alvarus adds nothing of substance to De planctu. He concentrates on three of the errors he had already identified: that a pope may be judged and deposed by an emperor; that any priest has the same power as the pope; and that the emperor succeeds during a papal vacancy.
Scholz, Unbekannte kirchenpolitische Streitschriften aus der Zeit Ludwigs des Bayern (1327–1354), 2 vols. (Rome, 1911–14), ii. 3–15 (selections); cf. i. 1–13, Lagarde, La Naissance, ii. 315–17; Pincin, Marsilio, 157–8. ⁹⁵ Scholz, ii. 16–28 (selections); cf. i. 13–22. There is now an edition of the entire treatise: Tractatus cuius titulus reprobatio errorum, ed. D. MacFhionnbair, Corpus scriptorum Augustinianorum, iv (Rome, 1977). ⁹⁶ Confutatio errorum quorundam magistrorum, in Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, MS.
687. ⁹¹ Continuation to Chronique de Guillaume de Nangis, ii. 15. ⁹² Raynaldus, Annales v. 533. ⁹³ Ibid. v. 353. 22 Introduction It was Discourse II which created a sensation among the book’s initial audience. Licet iuxta doctrinam is therefore a salutary corrective to those modern scholars who have seen Discourse I as the book’s principal claim to attention. This was not the view of hostile contemporaries. ⁹⁸ In view of the similarities between it and Licet iuxta doctrinam, it seems very likely that it was based on the same reports submitted to the papal curia.