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By Elaine DiMasi, Laurie B. Gower
This instruction manual presents a entire account of fabrics technological know-how ways to characterization of biominerals and biomimetic version structures. It covers cutting-edge within the characterization of atomic and molecular constitution, together with the most recent in diffraction, scattering, and spectroscopy, as well as tools for imaging morphology and interfaces. It additionally seems to be at computational ways and probes for analyzing energetics and forces in meeting. the ultimate part specializes in mechanical functionality and dimension method in addition to stories of reside cells and entire organ.
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Additional resources for Biomineralization Sourcebook: Characterization of Biominerals and Biomimetic Materials
Example text
2 Information from the q⃗ vector orientation Crystal lattice planes, organic fibers, and other organized structures have a direction in real space in the physical sample, and from this arises an orientation dependence of the q⃗ vectors as seen on the detector when the sample is placed in the beam. This can be exploited to learn how subparts of the biomineral relate to each other and to boundary surfaces, and can lead to insight into material formation. Examples are the crystal twinning and angular deviations seen in the aragonite crystals of nacre and the arrangements of crystals at organic interfaces, among others, as will be seen in further chapters of this handbook.
The usual majority phase, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), strengthens the shell and can also serve as a calcium reservoir, one that can be recycled by resorption into the organism’s body during molt cycles that shed the exoskeleton. The organic matrix of the exoskeleton (cuticle) is frequently mineralized with smaller amounts of additional phases: calcite, ACP, or apatite. Might it be possible to find specific relationships between the minority minerals and specific structural elements of the exoskeleton and propose additional biomineral functions?
The α-chitin peaks appear as single or double arcs due to the alignment of chitin fibrils into layers parallel and perpendicular to the organ’s surface. The helicoidal chitin layers, very similar to those of the lobster cuticle discussed earlier, have a periodicity of ∼75 μm, large enough to be resolved with the microbeam, in contrast to other arthropods. 9e and f show, the crystalline HAP gives way in this periodic region to an amorphous mineral phase characterized by a single broad diffraction ring.