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By Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken, Professor Dr. Hans Christoph Wolf (auth.)
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Extra resources for Atomic and Quantum Physics: An Introduction to the Fundamentals of Experiment and Theory
Example text
At first, the only general conclusion which could be drawn from this result was that the mass and charge in an atom are distributed in a "lumpy" fashion, rather than being evenly spread throughout the atomic volume. Lenard spoke of nuclei and force fields. The analogy with a solar system was tempting. Today, we know that slow electrons are scattered by the atomic electron cloud, while fast electrons are scattered by the nucleus only. The realisation that there is one small nucleus, which contains the entire positive charge and almost the entire mass of the atom, is due to the investigations of Rutherford, who utilised the scattering of alpha particles by matter.
Both the periodicity and the above mentioned discrepancies will be explained on the basis of the electronic structure of the atoms near the end of the book in Chap. 19. The periodic system is an ordering of the elements according to periodically recurring chemical as well as physical properties. As an example of the latter we show here the atomic volumes and the ionisation energies as functions of the nuclear charge Z (Fig. 1). Chemical properties which periodically repeat themselves are, for example, the mono valence of the alkali atoms or the lack of reactivity of the rare gases.
The probability that an incident alpha particle strikes the "effective area" of an atom in the foil is given by W= "effective area" =dAIA=2nNDbdb. 2 Pa~sage of Alpha Particles Through Matter (Rutherford Scattering) dn' = n· 2nNDbdb. 17) These particles pass through the unit sphere around the target foil on a ring of area dQ(1) = 2nsin 01 dO I. In the following, it is convenient to use the half-angle 0/2; doing so, we obtain dQ(I) = 4nsin(0/2) cos (0/2) 1dO I. 18) The detector which is used in the measurement cuts out a segment d Q from this ringshaped area.