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By Robert M. Grainger (auth.), STEFAN HOPPLER, Peter D Vize (eds.)
During the 20th century Xenopus has flourished as an available experimental version method for learning vertebrate biology. the second one variation of Xenopus Protocols:Post-Genomic Approachesexpands upon the former version with novel techniques encouraged through Xenopus tropicalis and the sequencing of its genome. Xenopus tropicalis genomics and tractable genetics mixed with the original experimental benefits of Xenopus laevis and their detailed phylogenetic place cause them to specified version platforms for vertebrate embryonic improvement within the 21st century. Written within the hugely profitable Methods in Molecular Biology™ sequence layout, chapters comprise introductions to their respective issues, lists of the mandatory fabrics and reagents, step by step, quite simply reproducible laboratory protocols, and key pointers on troubleshooting and heading off recognized pitfalls.
Authoritative and sensible, Xenopus Protocols: Post-Genomic techniques, moment Edition offers a toolkit that would permit each laboratory to maximise the facility of this striking experimental approach within the post-genomic age.
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Extra resources for Xenopus Protocols: Post-Genomic Approaches
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3. 4. Feeding ● Frogs in a re-circulating system are best fed small amounts of food frequently to minimize the uneaten food that the filters have to clear. ● Water temperature (as above) can be maintained by placing tanks in a heated room, by placing thermostatically controlled heat mats under each tank or by placing combined heater thermostats directly in the water. Place mesh around immersed heaters to prevent frogs from touching it directly and burning themselves. ● A central reservoir of water is needed to provide a continuous supply of water at the right temperature, pH, and conductivity from which chlorine and chloramine have been removed, either by standing or by using commercially available products.
To which X. tropicalis are prone and tests for them are developed, it may in time be possible to test the animals for specific diseases during this period. We currently do this routinely for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (below), but have not found it in X. tropicalis, only X. laevis. Frogs that show any sign of disease should be culled humanely or, if they are very valuable, then embryos should be produced by in vitro fertilization and the resulting adults added to the main colony, at least minimizing the chances of horizontal transmission of disease.
Hellsten U et al (2010) The genome of the Western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis. Science 328(5978):633–636 4. Wells DE et al (2011) A genetic map of Xenopus tropicalis. Dev Biol 354(1):1–8 5. Goda T et al (2006) Genetic screens for mutations affecting development of Xenopus tropicalis. PLoS Genet 2(6):e91 6. Grammer TC et al (2005) Identification of mutants in inbred Xenopus tropicalis. Mech Dev 122(3):263–272 7. Noramly S et al (2005) A gynogenetic screen to isolate naturally occurring recessive mutations in Xenopus tropicalis.