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By Philip Clarke
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Extra resources for Where the Ancestors Walked: Australia as an Aboriginal Landscape
Sample text
For instance, in the Western Desert children in particular fear the mamu or ‘devil’, which is believed to cause illness. The fear of malignant spirits is particularly strong during dark nights. However other spirits serve as omens, providing a means by which Aboriginal people can make predictions about the immediate future. For example, many Aboriginal groups I have worked with believe nocturnal hunting birds, such as owls and frogmouths, are spirits and that the appearance and call of these birds means that someone socially close to them is about to die.
36 The cosmic landscape was, to these Aboriginal people, populated with animal species that also occurred in their terrestrial landscape. It is sad that Where the Ancestors - pages 3/7/03 10:50 AM Page 29 RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPES Ⅲ 29 in the case of the toolicher this is no longer so, as this marsupial became extinct in the 1920s. The stars, planets and constellations were considered actual Ancestors and spirits, not just symbols. Knowing the heavens as a record of the Dreaming was considered by many Aboriginal groups to be important, although the depth of this knowledge within the community probably varied.
The Skyworld is one such place and the Underworld is another. The places to which people travelled in their imagination or as spirits upon their death and the sites where spirit beings live are important additions to the mapping of the total cultural landscape of the Aboriginal people. Different cultural groups may experience a landscape in different ways—physically in their perception of space, and culturally in the recognition of the values of land and its resources. Where the Ancestors - pages 3/7/03 10:50 AM Page 30 Three Social Life Although Australian Aboriginal people do not have a formal social hierarchy, as do many cultures in the world, there is nevertheless much internal differentiation within their society.