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These countries then turned the raw wool into high-quality garments and sold them elsewhere. As a result, the cloth-manufacturing cities of the Low Countries, notably Ghent and Bruges, became significant commercial hubs. ”26 60 What the Magna Carta Said S ome of the Magna Carta’s clauses are irrelevant today. However, others outline principles of law that remain fundamental to modern society. The “Great Charter” represents a milestone in the acceptance of certain individual rights and outlined the basic ideas behind representative government—specifically of England’s constitutional monarchy, which combined royalty with a parliament of representatives.
Its charismatic king, John I, earned the respect and confidence of the rulers of what had once been a collection of small domains. This made it possible for John to concentrate national power in his court. Furthermore, once the Moors were gone, the population of Portugal was again mostly homogeneous—that is, most of the people living there were of the same race, ethnic background, and religion, and most also spoke the same language. These common characteristics minimized the chances of civil strife and maximized feelings of national loyalty.
46 The Knights Templar W hen Christians established themselves in the Holy Land after the First Crusade, a number of elite militaryreligious organizations formed to give the Christian settlers aid and protection. Among them was the Knights Templar. Like the other orders, the elite soldiers of the Knights Templar were eager for battle. But they had other tasks as well. They protected the supply route to Christian territories. They helped expand a lucrative trade route farther east into Asia. And they protected travelers who were making pilgrimages to the Holy Land.