
By E. Yarshater
The 3rd quantity, released in components, is an account of each element of Iranian civilisation from the dying of Alexander in 323 BC to the appearance of Islam within the 7th century advert. This advanced interval, of significant value in Iranian heritage and increasing for nearly 1000 years, encompasses the reigns of the Seleucid, the Parthian, the Kushan and Sasanian dynasties. As additions to the final ambitions of those volumes, Professor Yarshater has integrated during this quantity chapters at the institutional, administrative, criminal, numismatic, linguistic and literary points of the interval; and he additional develops the scope of the amount by way of together with reviews of Iran's interplay with neighbouring societies, of Iran's legendary and mythical background, and of Iranian settlements outdoor the geographical barriers of Iran and Afghanistan. This quantity is the main accomplished examine released of this extremely important interval of Iran's background.
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Additional resources for The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Part 1: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods
Sample text
Armenia and Georgia adopted Christianity as the religion of state in the early 4th century, and thereby caused more discord between the Sasanians and theByzantines. The Armenians and Georgians bore the 1 Seep. 1083. lii INTRODUCTION brunt of repeated offensives and counter-offensives by the two superpowers. 2 The relations between Iran and the Roman and Byzantine empires comprised far more than wars and conflicts, even though, as is the case with news reports today, historians and chroniclers focus primarily on conflicts.
18, pp. 646ff. 2 xlii INTRODUCTION Homosexuality was not tolerated and sodomy was considered a sin worthy of death. 1 So important was it to the Iranians to preserve the name of the family, the cult of the ancestors, and the hearth fire, that they went to extraordinary lengths to ensure a male successor. 2 Endogamy within the agnatic group appears to have been the rule, and marriage with close relatives (xvedodah) < Av. 3 However, this does not mean that exogamous marriages did not occur. Several such instances are recorded for the royal family in Parthian and Sasanian times; for example, the marriage of the Parthian Phraates IV with Musa, an Italian slave girl sent as a gift by Augustus, and that of Khusrau I with a Turkish princess, who gave birth to Hormazd IV.
P. 82. liii INTRODUCTION" imminent success or agree to disadvantageous peace conditions because of disturbances on the eastern fronts. C. D. 59 in theface of a Roman threat, in order to meet the more dangerous menace of the Kushans in the east. Shapur II had to leave the western front to push back invading Huns in the east. Peroz and Kavad had to contend with the Hephthalites, Khusrau I with the Kidarites and Hormazd IV with Turkic invaders on the eastern front. The bitter animosity between Iran and Turan, as depicted in the national epic, although rooted in the Iranian heroic age long before Zoroaster, owes much of its poignancy to the recurrence of such hostilities and the memory of repeated onslaughts of the eastern nomads in later periods.