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By Frederick J. Edeskuty, Walter F. Stewart
The significance of protection in any medical pastime is rarely in query. despite the fact that, whilst cryogenic temperatures are concerned, defense is principally vital. as well as staring at the conventional precautions, one should also have in mind the differences of actual homes that happen at low temperatures. At those tempera tures, a few homes not just express huge adjustments from their common values but additionally can differ extensively over a small temperature variety. earlier than any cryogenic undertaking is begun, a radical wisdom of the potential dangers is important. in simple terms during this manner can the most secure operation be attained. Over the hundred-year background of cryogenic examine, this has been proven to be the case. retaining this requirement in brain is a necessary element within the quest for accident-free paintings. The prior 4 or 5 many years have obvious an outstanding growth of cryogenic know-how. Cryogenic beverages, resembling oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium, became widespread in a couple of varied functions and are simply on hand in any a part of the us and, certainly, virtually wherever on this planet. not just are those beverages to be had, they've got develop into more cost-effective and in addition to be had in ever higher amounts. As amounts elevate, so additionally do the conse quences of mishaps. the long run turns out to carry promise of ever better and extra frequent use of the typical cryogens. hence, the significance of security additionally raises as time progresses.
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1984). Theories of hydrogen induced cracking of steels, in Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking (R. Gibala and R. F. ), American Society for Metals, Metal Park, Ohio. 16. Birnbaum, H. K. (1990). Mechanisms of hydrogen-related fracture of metals, in EnvironmentInduced Cracking ofMetals (R. P. Gangloffand M. B. ), NACE-l 0, National Association ofCoITosion Engineers, Houston, Texas. 17. Oriani, R. , Hirth, J. , eds. (1985). Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
Some success has been achieved in using aluminum, copper, silver, gold, or oxide coatings to prevent hydrogen's access to the pipe or vessel walls. The stress to which the metal is subjected is a very important parameter to consider in avoiding HE. Avoidance of yielding of the metal experiencing a hydrogen atmosphere is very important. Welds have been found to be significant sites for failure. The heataffected zone frequently produces hard spots, residual stresses, and a microstructure conducive to embrittlement.
However, a thorough study of currently available information on the effect of hydrogen on construction materials is recommended for the selection of materials for use in a system that will contain hydrogen. For critical locations, testing of the actual material to be used is a good idea. References 15-17 are excellent sources for more detailed, basic information on HE. 4. 5Sn Metastable stainless steels 304L,310 Molybdenum-TZM Cobalt alloys HS-188, L-605, S-816 Metastable stainless steels 304L, 305, 310, 309S K Monel, Be-Cu alloy 25, pure titanium Stable stainless steels 316,321,347, A-286, Armco 21-6-9, 22-13-5 Copper alloys, OFHC Cu TD-Ni, TD-NiCr Magnesium alloy HM21A Aluminum alloys 1100,2219,6061,7039,7075 a Ref.