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By Nick Proukakis, Simon Gardiner, Matthew Davis, Marzena Szymańska
The 1995 statement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute atomic vapours spawned the sphere of ultracold, degenerate quantum gases. remarkable advancements in experimental layout and precision keep watch over have resulted in quantum gases changing into the popular playground for clothier quantum many-body structures.
This self-contained quantity offers a wide review of the valuable theoretical innovations utilized to non-equilibrium and finite temperature quantum gases. protecting Bose-Einstein condensates, degenerate Fermi gases, and the extra lately realised exciton-polariton condensates, it fills a niche by means of linking among varied equipment with origins in condensed subject physics, quantum box thought, quantum optics, atomic physics, and statistical mechanics. Thematically organised chapters on varied methodologies, contributed through key researchers utilizing a unified notation, give you the first built-in view of the relative advantages of person ways, aided by means of pertinent introductory chapters and the counsel of editorial notes.
either graduate scholars and proven researchers wishing to appreciate the state-of-the-art will tremendously make the most of this entire and updated evaluate of non-equilibrium and finite temperature recommendations within the fascinating and increasing box of quantum gases and beverages.
Readership: aimed toward graduate point scholars and for researchers.
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Extra resources for Quantum Gases: Finite Temperature and Non-Equilibrium Dynamics
Example text
The demonstration of condensation in 52 Cr [87], which has a large electronic magnetic moment, enables the study of long-range anisotropic dipole– dipole interactions, besides the usual s-wave scattering. Unlike all other atomic gas experiments where the condensates are produced in atoms in the electronic ground states, condensation has also been achieved in a long-lived metastable excited electronic state of helium (4 He∗ ) [88, 89] (which has zero nuclear spin). Such experiments allow for improved detection techniques, faciliating the probing of individual atom-counting statistics.
The temperatures where such effects become dominant are almost prohibitively low to be experimentally reached; as a result, appropriate theoretical models in this regime are still only partly developed. The interplay between thermal and quantum fluctuations is an issue of intense investigation [234, 235]. g. Ref. [236]). 3. Quantum Phase Transitions and Disorder Optical lattice geometries enable the observation of various different phase transitions which are of a purely different, quantum nature.
The phonons are quickly converted into single-particle excitations that can be detected in time-of-flight expansion of the gas [277, 278]. At finite temperature, elementary excitations of a condensate such as quadrupole [279, 280] or scissors modes [243] decay due to the interaction of the BEC with the thermal cloud. The thermal influence on the collective modes of the condensate can be dramatic, and both excitation frequency shifts and decay of the modes have been observed to be temperature-dependent.