Pattern Recognition in Speech and Language Processing

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CTG QVJGT CN VGTPCVKXGU YJKEJ JCXG HQWPF VJGKT WUG KP URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP #OQPI VJGO //+ KU OQUV RQRWNCT CPF CRRNKGF KP OCP[ CRRNKECVKQPU YKVJ UWEEGUU 6JG //+ CRRTQCEJ KU DCUGF QP VJG OWVWCN KPHQTOCVKQP Á ´Ï µ DGVYGGP VJG CEQWUVKE QDUGTXCVKQP : CPF KVU EQTTGEV NGZKECN U[ODQN Ï  (QT VJG Æ ENCUU ENCUUKſECVKQP RTQDNGO VJG NQICTKVJO QH VJG OWVWCN KPHQTOCVKQP JCU VJG HQNNQYKPI HQTO Á ´Ï µ Ô ´Ï ÐÓ µ Ô ´Ï µÔ ´ ÐÓ ´ µ Æ Ö ´ µ ÐÓ ´ ½ È Ô´ Æ Ô ´Ï µ Ö ½ Ô ´Ï ´ µµ Ï µ µÔ´ Ï µ µ  YJGTG Ï TWPU QXGT CNN RQUUKDNG Æ ENCUU U[ODQNU Ö ´ µ ÐÓ Ô´ Ï µ CPF µ ÐÓ Ô´ Ï µ CTG VJG NQINKMGNKJQQF UEQTGU QH QP VJG EQTTGEV NGZKECN U[ODQN CPF VJG VJ NGZKECN U[ODQN TGURGEVKXGN[ (TQO 'S  Ö ´ ÐÓ È ´Ï µ ÐÓ ´ È ´Ï µ È´ µ µ Á ´Ï  µ · ÐÓ Ô´Ï µ µ VQ VJG RQUVGTKQT RTQDCDKNKV[ Ô´Ï µ +P //+ VTCKPKPI VJG YJKEJ TGNCVGU Á ´Ï ETKVGTKQP QH VJG ENCUUKſGT FGUKIP CPF RCTCOGVGT GUVKOCVKQP KU VQ OCZKOK\G VJG CXGTCIG µ QP VJG VTCKPKPI UGV 'ZRGTKOGPVCN URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP OWVWCN KPHQTOCVKQP Á ´Ï TGUWNVU KPFKECVG VJCV ENCUUKſGT FGUKIP DCUGF QP VJG //+ ETKVGTKQP ECP NGCF VQ DGV VGT TGEQIPKVKQP RGTHQTOCPEG VJCP VJG EQPXGPVKQPCN CRRTQCEJ WUKPI VJG /.

GUVKOCVKQP NKMG HQTOWNC È ¡ ¼ ¼ ´¢µ ´ ¡ ´ · ´¢µ ¼ µ ·  µ KU C EQPUVCPV VQ DG FGVGTOKPGF CPF VJG UWO KP VJG FGPQOKPCVQT KU VCMGP YJGTG QXGT CNN RCTCOGVGTU DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG UCOG FKUVTKDWVKQP ¢ +V KU UJQYP KP =?  /QTG TGEGPVN[ CP GNGICPV RTQQH QH VJG VJGQTGVKECN RTQRGTVKGU QH VJG ITQYVJVTCPUHQTOCVKQP OGVJQF HQT //+ VTCKPKPI KU IKXGP KP =?  ‹E\&5&3UHVV//& #U OGPVKQPGF GCTNKGT VJG )2& CNIQTKVJO KU C ITCFKGPV DCUGF CPF WPEQPUVTCKPGF OKP KOK\CVKQP OGVJQF +P QTFGT VQ WUG HQT FKUETKOKPCPV HWPEVKQPU HTQO EGTVCKP HCOKNKGU UWEJ CU RTQDCDKNKV[ FGPUKV[ HWPEVKQPU HTQO *//U ECTG OWUV DG VCMGP UWEJ VJCV VJQUG RTQDCDKNKUVKE EQPUVTCKPVU CTG OCKPVCKPGF 6TCPUHQTOCVKQPU KP 'SU    CTG WUGF HQT VJKU RWTRQUG #PQVJGT KORQTVCPV CPF RGTJCRU VJG OQUV FKHſEWNV KUUWG KP )2& DCUGF NQUU HWPEVKQP OKPKOK\CVKQP CRRTQCEJ KU JQY VQ FGUKIP VJG UVGR UK\G 1PG CRRCTGPV TGCUQP KU VJCV YG PGGF C IQQF UVGR UK\G VQ UVCTV YKVJ UKPEG VJG OQFGN CFCRVCVKQP YKNN DG RGTHQTOGF QPN[ C ſPKVG PWODGT QH VKOGU +H VJG UVGR UK\G KU VQQ NCTIG VJG ENCUUKſ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ſGT JCXG FKHHGTGPV UGPUKVKXKVKGU VQ VJG UVGR UK\G KP RCTCOGVGT CFCRVCVKQP 1PG UVGR UK\G ECP DG VQQ UOCNN HQT UQOG RCTCOGVGTU CPF VQQ NCTIG HQT QVJGTU +P RCTVKEWNCT VJG OCIPKVWFG QH XCTKCPEGU KP VJG OKZVWTG )CWUUKCP QDUGTXCVKQP FGPUKVKGU ECP XCT[ KP VJG TCPIG DGVYGGP ½¼¼ VQ ½¼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ſGT VQYCTFU UQOG URGEKſE RQRWNCVKQPU 9KVJ VJG CFXCPEG QH OKETQRTQEGUUQTU UWEJ OGVJQFU JCXG DGEQOG EQORWVCVKQPCNN[ HGCUKDNG 6JG CDQXGOGPVKQPGF UGIOGPVCN )2& CNIQTKVJO ſPFU OCP[ CRRNKECVKQPU KP URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP 6JG TGEQIPKVKQP RGTHQTOCPEG CFXCP VCIG QXGT VJG VTCFKVKQPCN FKUVTKDWVKQP DCUGF /.

CPF GODGFFGF UVTKPI OQFGN DCUGF GUVKOCVKQP WUKPI OWNVKRNG MPQYNGFIG UQWTEGU =? CPIWCIG OQFGNKPI KU C ETKVKECN EQORQPGPV KP URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP CPF HTQO VJG UQWTEG CPF OQFGN RQKPV QH XKGY KV RTQXKFGU VJG NCPIWCIG NGXGN OQFGNKPI QH VJG UQWTEG /QTGQXGT C NQV QH YQTFU KP URGGEJ CTG CEQWUVKECNN[ UKOKNCT CPF UQOG QH VJGO JQOQRJQPGU CTG GXGP KFGPVKECN UWEJ CU “too” CPF “two” +H QPN[ DCUGF QP CEQWUVKE KPHQTOCVKQP KFGPVKſECVKQP QH VJGUG YQTFU CPF RJTCUGU KP EQPVKPWQWU URGGEJ ECP DG XGT[ FKHſEWNV CPF QVJGT MPQYNGFIG UQWTEGU KP RCTVKEWNCT C NCPIWCIG OQFGN CTG PGGFGF # UVCVKUVKECN DCUGF ÒITCO NCPIWCIG OQFGN KU C RQRWNCT EJQKEG KP URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP CPF KV JCU VJG HQNNQYKPI HQTO È ´Û Û ½ Û Ò·½ µ YJKEJ KU VJG GUVKOCVGF RTQDCDKNKV[ QH QDUGTXKPI YQTF Û IKXGP VJG RCUV Ò ½ YQTF JKUVQT[ $GECWUG VJG PWODGT QH RQUUKDNG ÒITCO RTQDCDKNKVKGU ITQYU GZRQPGPVKCNN[ YKVJ VJG QTFGT Ò NQYGT QTFGT NCPIWCIG OQFGNU UWEJ CU WPKITCO DKITCO VTKITCO CPF HQWT ITCO CTG WUGF KP XCTKQWU URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP VCUMU 6JG ÒITCO UVCVKUVKECN NCPIWCIG OQFGN KU V[RKECNN[ GUVKOCVGF HTQO C NCTIG VGZV EQTRWU KPFGRGPFGPV QH QVJGT MPQYNGFIG UQWTEGU KP URGGEJ TGEQIPKVKQP 'XGP YKVJ C XGT[ NCTIG VGZV EQNNGEVKQP QPN[ RQTVKQPU QH WPKSWG VTKITCO CPF HQWTITCO GPVTKGU ECP DG GUVKOCVGF FWG VQ URCTUGPGUU QH VJG VTCKPKPI FCVC /CP[ NCPIWCIG OQFGN GPVTKGU TCTGN[ QEEWT KP VJG EQTRWU CPF DCEMQHH UEJGOGU GI -CV\ DCEMQHHU =?