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By Peter Sigmund
This ebook represents quantity 2 of a 3-volume monograph on Particle Penetration and Radiation results. whereas quantity 1 addressed the elemental thought of scattering and preventing of quick element fees, i.e., protons, antiprotons and alpha debris, the current quantity makes a speciality of ions heavier than helium in addition to molecules and clusters over an strength variety from a number of keV/u to a couple hundred MeV/u. The e-book addresses the rules in atomic-collision physics of a wide selection of program parts inside fabrics and floor technology and engineering, micro and nano technological know-how and know-how, radiation drugs and biology in addition to nuclear and particle physics. difficulties were further to all chapters. this could make the booklet helpful for either self-study and complicated college classes. An attempt has been made to set up a unified notation in the course of the monograph.
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Extra info for Particle Penetration and Radiation Effects Volume 2: Penetration of Atomic and Molecular Ions
Sample text
N1 /, while N1 mv 2 =2 is small. N1 / is low but N1 mv 2 =2 is large. 9) 1 Charge Equilibrium Ionization energy U [eV] 10 10 5 10 4 10 3 Sulphur Xenon 10 2 10 1 0 20 40 60 Charge q1 Fig. 6 Computed binding energies for all charge states of sulphur and xenon ions according to Carlson et al. (1970). 10) This means that v vs. Neq , and hence q1 vs. v, has a step-like structure in this model. , to let the ion attain the lowest energy state by losing or capturing electrons. 8) this state is independent of the properties of the medium, although the time it takes to approach equilibrium must depend on the type of interactions taking place.
Dashed curve: Charge fraction. Dotted curve: Screening radius. All in Thomas-Fermi units corrected’) was found by multiplying A3 by 8=7, thus forcing q1 to approach zero at v D 0. This is just to indicate that the behaviour of these curves at low charge states/beam velocities is quite sensitive to minor modifications of the input. Also included in the graph are four curves including exchange. As noticed already, the exchange correction is quite small except for helium, but it moves the curves away from the origin rather than towards it.
Finally, let us have a look at the first-order Lenz-Jensen approximation. 51). 6. 11, which is based on this approximation, shows a significantly more reasonable behaviour of the charge fraction at low projectile speed, as compared to the zero-order result from Fig. 10. Also shown is the rms orbital speed vs. projectile speed according to Schinner and Sigmund (2014). While this is not the speed that is entering the Bohr stripping criterion, the two speeds are evidently not unrelated. 1 that the Yukawa potential is not a suitable trial function in connection with the straight Thomas-Fermi model.