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By Christoph Schiller
NEW 2017 version. What determines shades? what's movement? All colors in nature derive from the tremendous constitution consistent 1/137.035 999 1..., the main recognized unexplained quantity in nature. What determines its price? All movement in nature is defined both by way of quantum concept or by means of Einstein's common relativity, theories that contradict one another. How can they be unified in a last thought? for those who take pleasure in exploring principles and checking them opposed to the genuine global, you'll like this quantity. It first explains why the prior proposals for a last, unified conception of physics – the so-called 'theory of every thing' – have failed. Then, the textual content offers a greater concept: a last idea known as the strand version. This version is of the same opinion with all experimental facts identified to date and makes transparent, falsifiable predictions. they're being verified in experiments around the globe. The strand version – predicts the traditional version of particle physics – and permits no replacement or extension, – relies on one uncomplicated basic precept – and therefore is 'beautiful', – predicts common relativity – and permits no substitute or extension, – predicts quantum conception – and permits no replacement or extension, – and solves the open problems with the traditional version, gravitation and cosmology, together with the reason of all basic constants. those effects persist with certainly from one basic precept. organize your self for a curler coaster trip trough glossy physics, and for the buzz of fixing one of many oldest physics puzzles recognized. this is often an experience that leads past house and time – correct to the bounds of human proposal. for instance, the journey exhibits that the time period 'theory of every thing' is incorrect, while 'final thought' is right. The textual content offers an method of the ultimate, unified idea of physics with an easy foundation yet exciting implications. The version relies on featureless strands that shape house, debris and horizons; the version sums up textbook physics in one primary precept: occasions and Planck devices are crossing switches of strands. strangely, this basic precept, which goes in 3 dimensions purely, permits to infer Dirac's equation (from the belt trick), the foundations of thermodynamics and Einstein's box equations (from the thermodynamics of strand crossing switches). Quantum thought and common relativity are hence came across to be low-energy approximations of techniques on the Planck scale. specifically, strands clarify the entropy of black holes. As one other shock, within the related approximation, the basic precept yields the 3 gauge teams and the Lagrangians of quantum electrodynamics, of the powerful and of the susceptible interplay, together with maximal parity violation and SU(2) breaking. the 3 Lagrangians look as a usual outcome of the 3 Reidemeister strikes of knot idea. The strand version doesn't allow from now on interplay, gauge staff or symmetry staff. The strand version may perhaps also be the 1st unified version predicting the 3 gauge interactions – and the shortcoming of different ones. In QED, the strand version proposes an easy figuring out of Feynman diagrams and of Schwinger's formulation for the anomalous magnetic second of the electron and the muon. As a last shock, the basic precept predicts 3 fermion generations, the Higgs boson, and the inability of any unknown straightforward debris. The strand version therefore predicts that the traditional version is the ultimate description of particle physics. The quark version and the development of all mesons and baryons are proven to stick to from strands. In different phrases, tangles of strands and their crossing switches clarify all identified ordinary debris, all their quantum numbers, and the shortcoming of the other straight forward debris. The strand version will be the 1st unified version predicting the basic particle spectrum. ultimately, a common procedure for the calculation of coupling constants, particle lots and combining angles seems.
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Thanks to the connection W = F LT between action W, force F, distance L and time T, we can deduce 44 2 physics in limit statements horizon. The larger the horizon surface, the larger the entropy. Planck L (57) we get S⩽ Ref. 28 This is called Bekenstein’s entropy bound. No exception has ever been found or constructed, despite many attempts. Again, the limit value itself is only realized for black holes. We need to explain the strange assumption used above. We are investigating the entropy of a horizon.
This maximum force (or power) is thus a constant of nature. net where Tab is the energy–momentum tensor. This is valid in arbitrary coordinate systems and for arbitrary energy flow directions. Jacobson’s main result is that the right-hand side of the horizon relation (15) can be rewritten, using the (purely geometric) Raychaudhuri equation, as 32 2 physics in limit statements In other words, the field equations of general relativity are a direct consequence of the limited energy flow at horizons, which in turn is due to the existence of a maximum force or power.
First, the energy flowing across a horizon is limited. Secondly, this energy is proportional to the area of the horizon. Thirdly, the energy flow is proportional to the surface gravity. These three points are fundamental, and characteristic, statements of general relativity. net 1 E c4 = 4πR2 4G A L simplifying physics as much as possible Ref. 20 31 In a well-known paper, Jacobson has given a beautiful proof of a simple connection: if energy flow is proportional to horizon area for all observers and all horizons, and if the proportionality constant is the correct one, then general relativity follows.