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By Jacob Burckhardt
Well known for his 'Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy' and 'Reflections on History', Jacob Burckhardt (1818-97) has been defined as "the so much civilised historian of the 19th century". "Judgments on background and Historians" comprises documents gathered through Emil Durr from Burckhardt's lecture notes for heritage classes on the college of Basel from 1865 to 1885. The 149 short sections span 5 eras: Antiquity, the center a long time, heritage from 1450 to 1598, the background of the 17th and Eighteenth Centuries, and the Age of Revolution.
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Extra info for JUDGMENTS ON HISTORY AND HISTORIANS
Sample text
The Limits of Civilization and Barbarism We can no more begin our presentation of history with the earliest state formations than with the transition from barbarism to civilization. Here, also, the concepts are much too vague. At what point, with what discovery, what accumulation of material comforts, does civilization begin? With the solar year? The alphabet? The loom? The chemical analysis of metals? Or with what else? And where does “barbarism” end? This is especially difficult in view of the ambiguous quality of the word in German where it is used in an intellectual and a moral sense.
It could only have happened at a time when their texts were already regarded as too sacred for anyone to dare to work them into one volume. In what communities did one previously have the gospels separately? Of the Apocrypha, the Gospel the middle ages 35 of the Hebrews had an especially wide dissemination; according to Eusebius, the Ebionites read it exclusively. Islam immediately assumed a worldly position of power which at the same time took care not to permit any deviation from the faith. Christianity, on the other hand, set the imaginations of many in competitive motion at a time of great religious ferment, and for three centuries had to contend with heresies of all kinds, all sorts of secondary religions, magicians, Gnostics, and visionaries, who, in a body, were able to sweep many a community along, and it had to carry on this fight with no resources other than its own strength.
The state reimbursed itself for the taxes through the decuriones, first of all, and then through these collegia. In an emergency the state made a squeezing machine out of each corporation. At the same time, both classes jointly bore the responsibility for municipal expenses, construction, supplies, and amusement. ) retained as a monopoly certain businesses, like armaments, purple garments, and mines; later this monopoly system was expanded still further. There, too, collegia are involved; these may be thought of as contractors.