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By Michael Eppel
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Extra resources for Iraq from Monarchy to Tyranny: From the Hashemites to the Rise of Saddam
Example text
Iraq’s endeavors toward union or hegemony in Syria had increased steadily since the signing of the treaty with Britain in 1930 and the receipt of independence in 1932. Iraq’s regional foreign policy, which was maintained by the heads of the Hashemite Royal House and the politicians from the ruling elite, was intended to legitimize them within the domestic Iraqi political arena and to ensure the continued existence of Iraq in the face of the threat presented by its neighbors. The shaping of Iraq’s foreign policy was influenced by interaction among four forces: (1) the geopolitical situation; (2) social and ideological tensions and contradictions; (3) trends in nation-building which aimed toward defining the Iraqi national identity; and (4) the process of state building.
According to that treaty, the British Mandate was to come to an end in 1932, following which Britain would support Iraq’s acceptance into the League of Nations. Britain retained dominance and exclusivity regarding Iraq’s foreign and defense policy, ensuring British control of Iraqi oil. British forces, mainly the RAF, continued to be stationed in Iraq, and Britain retained control of the military bases in Habbaniya and Shu eiba and of the Basra port, as well as supervision of the Iraqi Army. Iraq was required to coordinate its foreign and 20 / Chapter 1 defense policy with Britain.
However, in view of the lack of available capital dictated by the weakness of the local bourgeoisie and the limited interest of the tribal landowners in modernization, as well as world market conditions, Iraq’s economic progress was very limited. By the end of the 1930s, increasing numbers of high school and college graduates were finding it difficult to obtain employment within Iraq. While it is true that several development projects had been planned and even implemented during the 1920s, most of King Faysal’s energies and resources were devoted to ensuring his political survival, maneuvering between rival forces and politicians within Iraq, and constructing the basic organizational infrastructure of the state.