By Peter J. Chelkowski, Robert J. Pranger
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During the seventy-two years of existence, 1907 to 1979, they made it possible for different factions to interpret the document according to their Iran own interests. The shahs, the clergy, and the liberals all found in it what they needed to base their arguments on. Controversies tended to revolve around the manner of interpreting the document, never around the document itself. As a result, the constitution, which, unlike monarchy and Shiism, was originally only of instrumental value, achieved in the course of time an institutional dimension as well, in spite of the fact that political power remained the final arbiter.
PART 1 Royalist Authoritarianism • IRAN The Nature of the Pahlavi Monarchy • Gholam Reza Afkhami The Pahlavi era began in Iran with the coup d'etat of 1921, when Reza Khan, the first of the Pahlavis, moved into Tehran at the head of his Cossak forces. The king, Ahmad Shah Qajar, honored hilll with the title of "Sarda Sepah," commander of the armed forces, and after some negotiations named llis political partner, Sayyid Zia aI-Din Tabataba'i, as the new prinle minister. Sayyid Zia aI-Din had to resign his office and leave the country after three months.
Within the tradition of the French Revolution, a movement that wishes to establish itself in power often resorts to violence and terror in order to eliminate its own raison d'etre, which is impermanence and change. The momentous battle between Stalin and Trotsky after the Russian Revolution was, perhaps, the most dramatic evidence in the twentieth century of the struggle between forces within a movement over the future character of a revolutionary regime, but in a more contemporary context, tensions of this sort are still unresolved in China.