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By Michael J Derelanko; Mannfred A Hollinger
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Advantages • CO2 produces rapid depressant and anesthetic effects. • CO2 may be obtained in compressed cylinders. • CO2 is inexpensive, nonflammable, and nonexplosive; it does not pose a particular safety hazard to personnel under conditions of normal use. • CO2 does not distort cellular architecture. b. Disadvantages • There are no major disadvantages concerning the use of CO2 as an euthanasia agent. However, it should be noted that because CO2 is heavier than air, incomplete chamber filling may permit taller or climbing animals to avoid exposure.
A bell jar) containing cotton or gauze soaked with the inhalant anesthetic agent. The use of suspended wire flooring in the chamber allows equilibration of the chamber atmosphere, while avoiding direct contact by the animal with the irritating liquid anesthetic. a. Advantages • Inhalant anesthetics are useful for euthanasia of small animals in which venipuncture may be difficult. 8 Summary of the Characteristics of Several Euthanasia Methods Euthanasia Method Classification Mechanism of Action Species Effectiveness Small animals such as rats, mice, hamster, and guinea pigs via chamber administration Small animals such as rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs via chamber administration Most small species including dogs, cats, and rodents Moderately rapid onset of anesthesia; initial excitation may occur Effective in adult animals; may be prolonged in immature and neonatal animals Minimize exposure to personnel by scavenging or venting Minimal hazard Effective and acceptable with proper equipment and operation Highly effective when administered appropriately Extremely hazardous; difficult to detect Inhalant anesthetics Acceptable Hypoxia due to depression of vital centers Carbon dioxide Acceptable Hypoxia due to depression of vital centers Carbon monoxide Acceptable Barbiturates Acceptable Hypoxia due to inhibition of O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin Hypoxic due to depression of vital centers Inert gasses (Ni, Ar) Conditionally acceptable Cervical dislocation Conditionally acceptable Hypoxia due to disruption of vital centers, direct depression of brain Mice, rats <200 g, and rabbits <1 kg Decapitation Conditionally acceptable Hypoxia due to disruption of vital centers, direct depression of brain Rodents and small rabbits Copyright © 2002 by Taylor & Francis Hypoxic hypoxemia Most species Cats, small dogs, rodents, rabbits, and other small species Effective, but other methods are preferable; acceptable only if animal is heavily sedated or anesthetized Effective and irreversible; requires training, skill, and IACUC approval; aesthetically displeasing Effective and irreversible; requires training, skill, and IACUC approval; aesthetically displeasing Personnel Safety Safe, except human abuse potential of controlled substances(s) Safely used in ventilated area Safe Potential injury due to guillotine • Halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane are nonflammable and nonexplosive under conditions of routine use.
Pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal): Long-acting barbiturate with a small margin of safety. Produces severe CNS depression and general anesthesia with increasing dose. Copyright © 2002 by Taylor & Francis • Thiamylal sodium (Surital): Short-acting barbiturate (approximately 15–30 minutes). • Chloralhydrate: A hypnotic Schedule IV drug with a narrow margin of safety and weak analgesic properties. • Diethylether: Inhalant anesthetic has so many shortcomings that it should not be used. Although it provides good analgesia and muscle relaxation, vapors irritate the respiratory mucosa and it is EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE AND EXPLOSIVE.