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A quantity within the guide of scientific Neurophysiology sequence on peripheral neuropathies.The final reference resource for medical neurophysiologists on peripheral neuropathies.Volume in a prestigious sequence released in organization with the overseas Federation of scientific Neurophysiology.International contributor record drawn from around the globe.
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To accomplish these goals, it is necessary to have a clear notion of the physiological characteristics of the individual systems, which methods are needed to study these systems, and how particular deviations from normal function reflect pathological abnormalities. , 2001b). These goals are by no means trivial since the pathophysiological correlates of pathological disturbances rarely are specific. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the limitations of the physiological methods and apply an integrated approach using different criteria to arrive at a comprehensive picture of the disorder.
A single axon is surrounded by compact myelin lamellae (A, inset); several axons are ensheathed by Schwann cell process in unmyelinated fibers. BM, basal lamina; *, axons; SC, Schwann cell processes. In (A) the thick straight arrow points at the inner mesaxon; the curved arrow points at the outer mesaxon (Courtesy of H. Schmalbruch, University of Copenhagen). CHRISTIAN KRARUP Individual myelinated fibers are subdivided into specialized regions (Berthold and Rydmark, 1995; Arroyo and Scherer, 2000; Peles and Salzer, 2000; Scherer and Arroyo, 2002) consisting of the node of Ranvier with a width of about 1 mm and the internodal segment with a length of 300–2000 mm proportional to the fiber diameter (Vizoso and Young, 1948).
2002). In addition to the fast inactivated Na+ channels, 2–3% of Na+ channels remain open during depolarization (so-called persistent Na+ channels). Persistent Na+ channels are more numerous in sensory rather than motor fibers and responsible for the longer strength-duration constant in sensory than motor fibers (Baker and Bostock, 1997; Bostock and Rothwell, 1997). , 1987). The K+ channels have outward rectification properties. , 1987). , 2002b; Kaji, 2003). 4. Studies of axonal membrane properties in situ The central parameters obtained at nerve conduction studies include the amplitudes and conduction velocities of the CMAP and SNAP and abnormalities are usually interpreted in terms of axonal loss or demyelination.