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By Jürgen Fuchs
This quantity illustrates the influence of environmental oxidants at the tissues of the eyes, lungs and dermis, as good as at the immune process - highlighting universal health problems, accidents and pathologies precipitated by way of pro-oxidant environmental xenobiotics reminiscent of irritation, immune reaction, sign transduction, rules of gene expression, and carcinogenesis. It presents medical displays and discusses the results of environmental oxidants heading in the right direction organs.
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Extra info for Environmental Stressors in Health and Disease (Oxidative Stress and Disease)
Sample text
Figure 4 shows a more detailed picture, where L-arginine is converted to N-hydroxy-L-arginine, which involves a two-electron oxidation supported by one molecule of NADPH. The conversion of this intermediate to L-citrulline and NO• requires the insertion of a second molecule of oxygen and involves an additional three-electron oxidation (90). This reaction also requires the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4) as cofactors (91).
Superoxide recycles the native enzyme by converting compound II back to MP3ϩ thus preventing the accumulation of compound II. Compound I and Compound II are also involved in the oxidation of numerous organic substrates (RH). generating systems (56), and the origin replication site for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis (57). HOCl is produced by a heme oxidase called myeloperoxidase, which is released from the azurophilic cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils (58). Recent evidence has suggested that HOCl is produced phagosomally (59).
NO• and Lipid Peroxidation. NO• is thought to terminate lipid peroxidation by reacting with peroxyl radicals as shown in Eq. [12] (141). LOO• ϩ NO• → LOONO. [12] Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins is also prevented by this mechanism, which may be important in diseases such as atherosclerosis. Additionally, NO• has been shown to protect against oxidation of organic hydroperoxides found in lipid membranes. For example, the NONOate, PAPA/NO protects against the production of tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cumene hydroperoxide (142).