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Extra resources for Empowering Women: Land And Property Rights In Latin America
Example text
The empowerment of women challenges patriarchal familial relations, for it may lead to the disempowerment of men and certainly to the loss of the privileged position they have held under patriarchy. For empowerment occurs when a change has taken place in men’s traditional domination of women, whether with respect to control of their life options, assets, opinions, or sexuality. It is apparent when unilateral decision making is no longer the norm within the family. But from another point of view, the empowerment of women liberates and empowers men in both the material and psychological realms.
In order to further the development of the concept of empowerment, Jo Rowlands (1997: 218–23) differentiates four types of power: power over, power for, power with, and power within. “Power over” represents a zero sum game; an increase in the power of one means a loss of power by another. In contrast, the other three forms— power to, power with, power within—are all positive and additive: An increase in the power of one increases the total power available or the power of all. Because it was assumed that the only form of power was power over, Latin American feminists long ignored the discussion of power; women in society were understood as victims, lacking in power.
It was assumed that household resources were allocated by an altruistic male household head who represented the household’s tastes and preferences and sought to maximize household utility (Agarwal 1997: 4–5). Nancy Folbre (1986a and 1986b) was one of the first to question the contradictory nature of these assumptions, pointing out that since the time of Adam Smith, rational economic actors have been assumed to maximize their own self-interest. Why, then, was altruism posited to govern behavior within the family?