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By World Health Organization
This new quantity within the Environmental healthiness standards sequence offers an outline of dermal absorption and its attention within the threat evaluation of chemical compounds. It describes the tools to be had to evaluate dermal absorption, the importance of pores and skin as a course of publicity and the translation of result of dermal absorption reviews for threat evaluation. moreover, it offers and discusses present issues of curiosity within the box of dermal absorption.
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Additional resources for Dermal Absorption (Environmental Health Criteria Series)
Sample text
4. 2). Percutaneousabsorption occurs mainly transepidermally (across the stratum comeum intracellularly and intercellularly); for many chemicals, transport through appendagesis not usually important in humans (see chapter 3). Permeation of a chemical through the stratum corneum is basically a diffrrsion process in which active transport plays no role. The layer with the highest resistance to diffrrsion is the rate-limiting membrane. For many compounds, the lipophilic stratum comeum is the primary or rate-limiting barrier.
Simulated examples of the skin permeation rate, cumulative absorption, and vehicle concentration are shown in Figure 6 for infinite, semi-infinite, and finite doses. The semi-infrnite dose is simulated as an intermediate casebetween the true infinite dose (no decrease in concentration in the vehicle during the exposure experiment) and, a firnte dose (in which the concentrationin the vehicle is reduced to less than 10% ofthe initial concentrationafter about 2O-Z4h ofexposure). u Fig. 6. The effect of finite and infinite doses in dermal permeation.
This procedure permits a quicker sample analysis and minimizes the loss of permeant through evaporation, hydrolysis, and degradation. Good agreement between the automated in vitro dermal absorption method and the Bronaugh procedure was demonstrated using an Nfl-diethyl-z-toluamidebased mosquito repellent and permeation through rat skin (Moody, 1997\. 3 Comparisonof different in vitro cell sysfems Static cells are simpler in design than flow-through cells, the costs are lower, and they are available in a wide range of surface areas for skin exposure (Bronaugh, 2004b) It also needs to be recogrized that adsorption of the test chemical onto the apparatus can occur in the donor and receptor chambers and, where present, the tubing for both types of cell.