Concepts of Particle Physics by Kurt Gottfried, Victor F. Weisskopf

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By Kurt Gottfried, Victor F. Weisskopf

A superb overview of subnuclear phenomena ... Physicists of all stripes have cause to appear ahead to quantity II with significant enthusiasm.'___ Physics at the present time .

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B. NONRELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS subject: in atomic, nuclear, and subnuclear physics. For that reason we shall discuss their properties in considerable detail. " They are eigenstates of crz: Since (u u} = (d\d) = 1, and (u d) = 0, we can also write them as 2-vectors: An arbitrary spinor |) is then where the complex numbers cu d satisfy The raising and lowering operators a± have simple effects on the basis states: as one sees from (27). The behavior of spinors under rotation is of great importance.

The third important case is spinor waves, when s = 1/2. Nature provides us with many s =•1/2particles, and spinor waves are therefore of considerable importance. Intrinsic angular momentum can also be defined without going to the rest frame of y. , a photon) for then there is no rest frame. Therefore we need a frame-independent definition of spin. This is provided by the helicity operator A, which is defined to be the projection of the total angular momentum J along the direction p of the linear momentum: The eigenvalues h of A are called the helicity.

In the units that we shall use, the ground state of hydrogen has the energy where M = 1836m is the proton mass. Atomic dimensions are very large compared to the electron's Compton wavelength, and atomic binding energies are far smaller than the electron's mass. These are the characteristics of a nonrelativistic system. In general, a system that is large compared to the Compton wavelength of its constituents has binding energies small compared to their rest masses, and nonrelativistic 6. E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C N A T U R E OF A T O M I C P H E N O M E N A 31 internal velocities.

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