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By Gary Y. Okihiro
Hard the present view of Hawaii as a legendary "racial paradise," Gary Okihiro offers this heritage of a scientific anti-Japanese stream within the islands from the time migrant employees have been dropped at the sugar cane fields till the tip of global warfare II. He demonstrates that the racial discrimination opposed to eastern americans that happened at the West Coast in the course of the moment international warfare heavily paralleled the fewer regularly occurring oppression of Hawaii's jap, which developed from the construction wishes of the sugar planters to the military's quandary over the "menace of alien domination." Okihiro convincingly argues that these matters influenced the consolidation of the plantation vendors, the Territorial executive, and the U.S. military-Hawaii's elite-into a unmarried strength that propelled the anti-Japanese circulation, whereas the army devised mystery plans for martial legislation and the removing and detention of eastern americans in Hawaii twenty years earlier than international struggle II. writer word: Gary Y. Okihiro is affiliate Professor of historical past at Cornell collage.
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Extra info for Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865-1945
Sample text
Agents from Hawaii courted a cautious Japanese government with promises of free passage and decent wages and working conditions for Meiji men and women. Before the ink had dried on the agreements, however, Hawaii's planters had modified the terms, passing procurement and transportation costs on to the migrants and instituting harsh labor controls to maximize their returns. The Japanese government, whether out of a need for foreign capital or in order to find work for its depressed peasantry, permitted migration to continue despite contractual modifications that were unfavorable to its citizens.
44 Over the course of a hundred years, white traders, missionaries, and sugar planters had gained supremacy over maka 'ainana and ali' i, imposed their system of economy and government, and presented Hawaii to the United States as a commercial and military base for America's designs in the Pacific. "45 But that dominance of "the white race, the white people, the Americans in Hawaii," so confidently proclaimed by Mead, would be challenged by Japanese workers in Hawaii's cane fields. HSPA Cane Culture In 1890, Alfred Thayer Mahan published The Influence of Sea Power upon History.
36 Misa Toma remembered years of hardship endured on the plantation; she called her songs setsunabushi, "songs of pain": Starting out so early Lunches on our shoulders Off to our holehole work Never seems to be enough. 37 Hole hole bushi not only chronicled the struggles of individuals but aptly symbolized a people's story. The coming together of melody and verse in 30 Years of Migrant Labor, 1865-1909 hole hole bushi paralleled the process whereby Japanese migrants wove two distinctive traditions into a harmonious whole and in the process came to see themselves as settlers-the creators and inheritors of a new tradition.