By Franziska Bitschofsky (auth.), Andrej Ernst, Priska Schäfer, Joachim Scholz (eds.)
Bryozoa are a colonial animal phylum with an extended evolutionary historical past, having existed from the early Ordovician (480 My) onward and nonetheless flourishing this present day. a number of mass extinctions in earth historical past formed and caused bryozoan evolution via drastic turnover of faunas and new evolutionary lineages. Bryozoa are common throughout all latitudes from Equator to Polar areas and happen in marine and freshwater environments. they're shaping benthic ecosystems and recording ambient environmental stipulations of their skeletons. The ebook presents a synthesis of the present major subject matters of study within the box of Bryozoology together with mixed examine on either extant, and extinct taxa. Fields or present examine span molecular genetics and phylogeny, lifestyles background, replica and anatomy, biodiversity and evolutionary styles in time and area, taxonomy, zoogeography, ecology, sediment interactions, and weather response.
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Korea S. Korea Oshoro, JPN Oshoro, JPN EU835947 HQ201939 HQ201925 HQ201926 HQ201927 HQ201934 EU835952 HQ201935 EU835958 EU835956 HQ201950 R1 is the reference of the original description; R2 is the source of values presented in the Table: 1, Canu and Bassler (1930); 2, Dick and Ross (1988); 3, Dick et al. (2005); 4, Dick et al. (2011); 5, Grischenko et al. (2007); 6, Johnston (1832); 7, Seo (2001); 8, this study b Single values indicate an invariant number of spines; modal values are followed by an indication of the range in square brackets c P, dark brown to black coloration of spines or spine bases; -, no dark coloration d CR is cryptocyst texture: T, tuberculate; T*, entire mural rim cryptocysal and tuberculate, with little or no gymnocyst showing; S, smooth; A, absent e Detailed locality information can be obtained through GenBank records; AK, Alaska, USA; JPN, Japan; WA, Washington State, USA a C.
26% between populations of C. 0% between the Akkeshi and Oshoro populations of C. multispinosus 750 km apart on Hokkaido, northern Japan. The Akkeshi population, on the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, is separated by Tsugaru Strait from the Oshoro population on the Sea of Japan coast, and the large genetic distance suggests that Tsugaru Strait has long acted as a barrier to gene flow between the Pacific and the Sea of Japan. 2). These values are based on sample sizes of 2–4 individuals, and additional sampling would undoubtedly detect greater genetic variation.
Korea S. Korea Oshoro, JPN Oshoro, JPN EU835947 HQ201939 HQ201925 HQ201926 HQ201927 HQ201934 EU835952 HQ201935 EU835958 EU835956 HQ201950 R1 is the reference of the original description; R2 is the source of values presented in the Table: 1, Canu and Bassler (1930); 2, Dick and Ross (1988); 3, Dick et al. (2005); 4, Dick et al. (2011); 5, Grischenko et al. (2007); 6, Johnston (1832); 7, Seo (2001); 8, this study b Single values indicate an invariant number of spines; modal values are followed by an indication of the range in square brackets c P, dark brown to black coloration of spines or spine bases; -, no dark coloration d CR is cryptocyst texture: T, tuberculate; T*, entire mural rim cryptocysal and tuberculate, with little or no gymnocyst showing; S, smooth; A, absent e Detailed locality information can be obtained through GenBank records; AK, Alaska, USA; JPN, Japan; WA, Washington State, USA a C.