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By Daniel G. Bobrow
This significant choice of brief essays stories the scope and development of analysis in synthetic intelligence during the last twenty years. Seminal and most-cited papers from the magazine synthetic Intelligence are revisited through the authors who describe how their study has been constructed, either via themselves and by way of others, because the journals first publication.The twenty-eight papers span a large choice of domain names, together with fact maintainance structures and qualitative approach concept, chemical constitution research, analysis of defective circuits, and figuring out visible scenes; additionally they span a extensive variety of methodologies, from AI's mathematical foundations to structures architecture.The quantity is devoted to Allen Newell and concludes with a piece of fourteen essays dedicated to a retrospective at the energy and imaginative and prescient of his work.Sections/Contributors:- man made Intelligence in point of view, D. G. Bobrow.- Foundations. J. McCarthy, R. C. Moore, A. Newell, N. J. Nilsson, J. Gordon and E. H. Shortliffe, J. Pearl, A. okay. Mackworth and E. C. Freuder, J. de Kleer.- imaginative and prescient. H. G. Barrow and J. M. Tenenbaum, B. ok. P. Horn and B. Schunck, ok. Ikeuchi, T. Kanade.- Qualitative Reasoning. J. de Kleer, ok. D. Forbus, B. J. Kuipers, Y. Iwasake and H. A Simon.- analysis. R. Davis, M. R. Genesereth, P. Szolovits and S. G. Pauker, R. Davis, B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe, W. J. Clancey.- Architectures. J. S. Aikins, B. Hayes-Roth, M. J. Stefik et al.- platforms. R. E. Fikes and N. J. Nilsson, E. A Feigenbaum and B. G. Buchanan, J. McDermott. Allen Newell. H. A. Simon, M. J. Stefik and S. W. Smoliar, M. A. Arbib, D. C. Dennett, Purves, R. C. Schank and M. Y. Jona, P. S. Rosenbloom and J. E. Laird, P. E. Agre.
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Kowaiski and K. C. Moore (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988) 1070-1080. K. Konolige, On the relation between default logic and autoepistemic theories, Artif intel!. 35 (3) (1988) 343-382. K. Konolige, Quantification in autoepistemic logic, Fundamenta Inforrnaticae (to appear). J. Levesque, All I know: a study in autoepistemic logic, Artif Intel!. 42 (2-3) (1990) 263-309. (6] W. Marek and M. Truszczynski, Relating autoepistemic and default logic, in: Proceedings First International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Toronto, Ont.
People learn about the knowledge level because they must specify systems to be programmed. They do not specify these in terms of just inputs and outputs, but also in terms of what the program knows that it can use to compute the outputs from the inputs. So they induce from their practice a working notion of what it means for a system to have knowledge and what it means to supply the symbol-level mechanisms that encode that knowledge and extract it to make the program behave as desired. It does not require a Newton to conceive of the knowledge level, all that is required was to build general-purpose computers which were large enough so that large and complex programs could be built for them.
Our paper spawned an almost immediate sequel by Shafer and Logan [1 61. They proposed an algorithm which, like ours, was computationally efficient but which did not require the approximation employed in our method. Shafer and Logan found our approximation to be close in most cases but gave examples of non-intuitive results in others. Their algorithm also applied to slightly more general types of evidencebearing on hypotheses outside the hierarchical hypothesis spaceand computed degrees of belief for these hypotheses.