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By Susanne Winkler
This quantity uncovers a superb secret approximately language: why do we speak so successfully even though ambiguity is pervasive? Conversely, how do audio system use ambiguity to accomplish a particular objective? solutions to those questions are supplied in contributions from varied educational fields: (psycho)linguistics, literary feedback, rhetoric, theology, media reports, law.
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Beginning with the exegesis of the second century, it is possible to trace a strategic interpretation of the Bible with the overriding objective of establishing univocality. Paradoxically, this interpretation occurs through the assignment of multiple meanings, as each contemporary contextualization produces new ambiguities of its own, which, in turn, have to be resolved by following generations. Thus, a perpetuation of ambiguity takes place, with each disambiguation being discernible only in the respective historical context of the current interpretation (see Koch & Landmesser, this volume).
An attested case from the Dorset newspaper is provided in example (7): (7) Casting directors are searching Dorset for bearded men to appear as extras in a BBC adaptation of a Thomas Hardy novel. 8 Example (7) shows a typical syntactic ambiguity which is triggered by the scope taking conjunction and. In the first reading the casting directors are searching for men who can shear sheep and who can shear women with long hair (the two objects are conjoined) and in the second reading the casting directors are searching for men who can shear sheep and they are searching for women with long hair (the clauses are conjoined).
Two different approaches can be distinguished: The first or classic approach is based on the assumption that Grice’s (1975) maxim Avoid ambiguity and the cooperative principle are observed by speakers. The second, empirically motivated cognitive approach has determined, through experimental methods, that speakers hardly follow Grice’s maxim in actual speech situations. While the reasons for this have yet to be explored in detail, these findings suggest the complementary assumption, namely that ambiguity avoidance is motivated by intention.