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By Marc A. Williams
Pt. 1. floor amendment suggestions -- pt. 2. Analytical concepts and functions
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Extra info for Allergens and respiratory pollutants: The role of innate immunity
Example text
The classic interpretation of type I hypersensitivity is the presence of immunoglobulins of the IgE isotype directed against commonly encountered and “otherwise harmless” exogenous envirionmental antigens. Antigens that provoke atopy are usually soluble proteins derived from animal dander from cats or dogs, pollen, house dust mite or cockroach fecal particles or complexes of those protein-rich species coalesced with ambient indoor or outdoor particulate matter that is respirable and migratory to the upper and lower airways of those individuals that are exposed to such material.
Additionally, DC provide Signal 2 – a co-stimulatory signal provided by cell surface receptors and molecules such as CD54 (ICAM-1) CD58 (LFA-3), CD40-L, CD80 and CD86 that occupy cognate ligands or counter-receptors present on TCR-engaged CD4+ T cells. For optimal stimulation of CD4+ Th cell activation, Signal 3 is required, which is provided by a distinct pattern of cytokines secreted by mature DC. Depending on the precise repertoire of cytokines secreted by activated DC, CD4+ Th cells will commit to either a Th1 or Th2 pattern of T cell differentiation, activation and clonal expansion.
In their broadest sense, the use of “Th1” and “Th2” to describe the polarized immunological reactivity of such T helper CD4+ subsets has come into its own as the standard definitions to account for the types of phenotypic and activation-induced immune 10 Allergens and Respiratory Pollutants responses displayed by those T cell sub-populations. Such reactivity is defined in part on the elaboration of particular cytokine profiles and as such defined as either Th1- or Th2-skewed immune responses (47, 48).