By Arlin M. Adams
Here's a concise evaluation of the historic improvement and judicial interpretation of the 1st modification faith clauses. It starts off with a survey of the background of yank non secular liberty, is going directly to current the perspectives of the Founding Fathers, after which considers the middle worth of spiritual liberty and the constitutional reasons that enforce that worth.
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100 The most illuminating debates occurred in Virginia, where the House of Delegates and Senate argued for two years over whether the amendments adequately secured individual rights. The Senate objected that the establishement clause restrained Congress only from "passing laws establishing any national religion" and that, unlike the Virginia Declaration of Rights, it did not prevent the general government from levying taxes to prefer "any particular denomination of Christians . . "101 Despite these objections, the Senate finally acquiesced and, on December 15, 1791, Virginia became the necessary eleventh state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
16 The contributions of the Baptist minister John Clarke, Williams's co-worker and close friend, are often overlooked. Clarke condemned religious intolerance in Ill Newes from New-England: Or a Narative of New-Englands Persecution (1652), which recounted the persecution of two Baptist friends and himself at the hands of the Puritan magistrates in Lynn, Massachusetts. 18 According to the charter, Rhode Island's settlers desired "to hold forth a lively experiment, that a most flourishing civil state may stand and best be maintained .
Some serious minds discover a concern lest, if all religious tests should be excluded, the Congress would hereafter establish Popery, or some other tyrannical way of worship. 81 In Virginia, Madison and Edmund Randolph defended the Constitution against the assertions of Antifederalists, particularly Henry, that the absence of a bill of rights placed religious freedom and other fundamental liberties in jeopardy. 82 In the North Carolina ratifying convention, James Iredell, soon to become a Supreme Court Justice, emerged as a leading spokesman for the federal test oath clause.