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By Hans Volker Klapdor-Kleingrothaus
Nuclear double beta decay is without doubt one of the such a lot promising instruments for probing beyond-the-standard-model physics on beyond-accelerator strength scales. it truly is already now probing the TeV scale, on which new physics should still present itself based on theoretical expectancies. simply within the early Eighties used to be it recognized that double beta decay yields details at the Majorana mass of the exchanged neutrino. at the present, the sharpest certain for the electron neutrino mass arises from this technique. it's only within the final 10 years that the even more far-reaching power of double beta decay has been chanced on. at the present time, the potential for double beta decay encompasses a wide variety of issues which are both suitable to particle physics and astrophysics, similar to lots of heavy neutrinos, of sneutrinos, as SUSY versions, compositeness, leptoquarks, left-right symmetric types, and checks of Lorentz symmetry and equivalence precept within the neutrino zone. Double beta decay has turn into critical these days for fixing the matter of the neutrino mass spectrum and the constitution of the neutrino mass matrix - including current and destiny sun and atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments. a few destiny double beta experiments (like Genius) could be able to be concurrently neutrino observatories for double beta decay and low-energy sun neutrinos, and observatories for chilly darkish topic of final sensitivity. This worthwhile booklet outlines the improvement of double beta learn from its beginnings till its newest achievements, and in addition provides the outlook for its hugely fascinating destiny.
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4 The Operator Expansion Method Another approach to calculate the matrix elements has used the operator expansion method (OEM), which could decrease the dependence of the matrix elements on the strength of the particle-particle force and which has the further advantage to avoid the explicit sum over the intermediate nuclear states [Chi88*-II], [Chi89*-II], [Chi89a], [Sim89**-II], [Gmi90*-II], [Wu91*-II], [Wu92*-II], [Wu93*-II], [Hir93**II], [Hir94b**-II], [Hir95a*-II], [Sim98**-II] (see also [Fae98**-II]).
V. Klapdor in 1984 [Kla84*-II], [Gro86a**-II] who realized that the spin-isospin and quadrupole- 17 18 Sixty Years of Double Beta Decay Fig. 24 The author (standing in left) at the International Conference on Nuclear Structure, in Dubna, USSR, June 1976. quadrupole ground state correlations very sensitively influence the nuclear matrix elements. This work based on earlier extensive work on the shape of the beta strength distribution in nuclei, starting essentially in 1976 [Kla76], which led already to important consequences in astrophysics (element synthesis, age of the universe, cosmological constant, solar neutrino detection), nuclear physics (single beta decay half lives far from stability, beta-delayed particle emission and fission [Sta92a], reactor antineutrino spectra, nuclear charge distribution), and nuclear technology (decay heat of nuclear reactors) [KlaSl], [Kla82a], [Kla82b], [Kla83], [Gro83b], [Kla86], [Kla86a], [Gro86], [Mad89], [Sta90b], [Kla91a], [Hir92], [Hir93a].
21) has been derived recently by H. Pas et al. [Pae99*-I], [Pae2000**-I]. In summary it became clear only in the early eighties [Doi80], [Doi81a*-I], [Hax82a*-I], [Hax84**-I], [Doi85**-I], [Kot86**-I], that and how a neutrino mass can be deduced from a neutrinoless double beta amplitude. This opened the way to use double beta decay as the most practical and most sensitive means of searching for Majorana neutrinos and their masses. 16 Sixty Years of Double Beta Decay + y*\. + Fig. 21 Feynman graphs of the general double beta decay rate, with long range (a-c) and short range interactions (d) (from [Pae99*-I]).