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By Ekkehard Holzbecher
Presents case examine examples of environmental trial indicates. Covers misused innovations which may bias the medical validity of trial express; scale exaggeration, use of statistical manipulation, facts contouring, and selective presentation. DLC: Environmental forensics.
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The energy or pressure required for entry into these smaller openings is known as the entry pressure, which is defined as the capillary pressure at which the free phase solvent becomes continuous at the macroscopic scale and is capable of flowing through the material. 95 (Pankow and Cherry, 1996). The entry pressure is proportional to the interfacial tension between the free phase liquid and water and is inversely proportional to the opening between the soil grains. The entry of a free phase liquid into smaller openings between soil grains is dependent on the pore opening and interfacial tension(s) between the liquids.
A DNAPL residing within the capillary fringe can volatilize and migrate by diffusion. Gaseous advection due to pressure or density gradients will affect this transport process. As these vapors migrate, they can partition into the aqueous and solid phases. These partitioning processes tend to retard the rate and distance of vapor migration. The vapors may eventually contaminate the groundwater by diffusion across the capillary fringe and water table at some distance from the DNAPL. Water infiltrating through the soil and contacting these vapors can result in the dissolution of the chlorinated solvent into the water which then enters the capillary fringe.
In anaerobic degradation, the rate of reductive dehalogenation decreases as more chlorines are removed. The process is examined via the loss of three chlorine atoms under anaerobic conditions as follows (Woodbury and Li, 1998): H+ + HC2Cl3 (TCE) Æ H2C3Cl2 + Cl– Æ H+ + H2C3Cl2 Æ Æ (DCE) Æ (DCE) H3C2Cl + Cl– Æ H+ + H3C2Cl Æ (vinyl chloride) Æ (vinyl chloride) Æ H4C2 + Cl– (ethene) Æ DCE can exist as the three isomers 1,1-DCE, cis-DCE, and trans-1,2-DCE. Of these isomers, cis-1,2-DCE is produced in the greatest abundance, at a rate of about 30 times the concentration of trans-1,2-DCE.